Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What signalling pathway does growth hormone use?

A

A tyrosine kinase receptor that uses JAK/STAT pathway

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2
Q

what is the most appropriate first line investigation for acromegaly?

A

Serum IGF1 levels

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3
Q

What is Reifenstein syndrome?

A

X-linked genetic disease associated with partial androgen insensitivity

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4
Q

T/F - Patients with DKA are at low risk of thromboembolism?

A

false - all patients with DKA are at high risk of thromboembolism and should be given LMWH

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5
Q

What is the action of the parotid gland?

A

it has secretomotor action via the glossopharyngeal and auriculotemporal nerves

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6
Q

what should be given to commence preparation for the surgery of removal adrenal phaechromocytoma?

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers

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7
Q

what causes low calcium, high phosphate, albumin and PTH in renal failure?

A

impaired formation of calcitriol, reduced phosphate excretion due to renal impairment. PTH is elevated in response to the low calcium level

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8
Q

which structure lies posterior to the left suprarenal gland on MRI imaging?

A

Crus of diaphragm

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9
Q

How is the left crus of diaphragm described?

A

tendinous structure arising from the anterior bodies of the L1 and L2 vertebrae

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia?

A

amenorrhoea, discharge from breast, normal secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

what is the most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

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12
Q

what are the neoplasms associated with MEN1?

A

Pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreatic

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13
Q

what are the neoplasms associated with MEN2a?

A

Phaeochromocytoma, parathyroid and medullary thyroid cancer

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14
Q

what are the neoplasms associated with MEN2b?

A

Phaeochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and marfanoid habitus/ mucosal neuromas

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15
Q

what is the overall effect of raised PTH?

A

increased Ca2+ and decreased phosphate, albumin is usually normal or low.

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16
Q

What is the most important cause of signs and symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Elevated Ca2+ which is what causes patients to be weak, tired, and depressed

17
Q

what causes pseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

the failure of target cell response to PTH - this means that PTH is elevated

18
Q

What does lack of response to PTH result in?

A

Low Ca2+ and raised phosphate

19
Q

what do raised aldosterone levels cause?

A

renin levels to fall through negative feedback loops

20
Q

how does PTH increase calcium levels?

A

stimulating bone resorption by increasing action of osteoclasts

decreasing urinary excretion of calcium by stimulating reabsorption

stimulating the production of vitamin D in the kidneys

21
Q

What are Phaeochromocytomas?

A

catecholamine secreting tumours

22
Q

what are some signs and symptoms suggestive of Phaeochromocytoma?

A

sweating, palpitations and weight loss, postural pressure drop and a high bounding pulse. tremor and looking pale.

23
Q

what is the most common cause of Addisons disease in the UK?

A

autoimmune destruction

24
Q

what are symptoms of Addison disease?

A

lethargy, dizziness when changing posture, reduced appetite, hyperpigmentation around mouth

25
Q

what is metabolic syndrome defined as?

A
3 or more of:
increased waist circumference 
BMI >30kg/m2
raised triglycerides
reduced HDL cholesterol
hypertension
raised fasting glucose
26
Q

what is a feature of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

adrenocortical insufficiency - this is due to decreased cortisol synthesis and commonly reduces aldosterone synthesis

27
Q

does follicular carcinoma spread through blood or lymph?

A

blood