Endo/ GI Path I suck at

Question 1

MC tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids?

Answer 1

Neuroblastoma (Neural Crest)

Question 2

MC presentation is an abdominal distension with a firm irregular mass that can cross the midline.

Answer 2

Neuroblastoma (N-myc)

Question 3

Increase HVA and VMA in urine. Home Wright rosettes on histology. in a kid

Answer 3

Neuroblastoma

Question 4

Homer Wright rosettes brain tumor (cystic) in a kid

Answer 4

Medulloblastoma

Question 5

What markers is neuroblastoma positive for?

Answer 5

Bombesin and NSE. It’s a APUD tumor

Question 6

Pheochromocytoma treatment?

Answer 6

Irreversible alpha antagonist (phenoxybenzamine), followed by a beta blocker prior to tumor resection.

Question 7

Why give an alpha blocker before a beta for pheo resection?

Answer 7

Avoids hypertensive crisis

Question 8

Germline mutations ass/ w/ pheo?

Answer 8

NF-1, VHL, RET (MEN 2A, 2B)

Question 9

Myxedema (facial/periorbital) glycosamino glycans

Answer 9

Hypothyroidism

Question 10

Pretibial myxedema (graves), periorbital edema.

Answer 10

Hyperthyroidism

Question 11

Extraocular muscle hypertrophy in hyperthyoidism

Answer 11

Graves

Question 12

Hypothyroid effects on cholesterol?

Answer 12

Hypercholesterolemia (due to decreased LDL receptors)

Question 13

Hyperthyroid effects on cholesterol?

Answer 13

Hypocholesterolemia (due to increased LDL receptors)

Question 14

MC cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas?

Answer 14

Hashimoto

Question 15

Hashimoto Disorder (HLA-DR5)

Answer 15

AI w/ antithyroid peroxidease and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Increased risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell origin)

Question 16

Hurthle cells, and lymphoid aggregates w/ germinal centers. Nontender Thyroid

Answer 16

Hashimoto

Question 17

Congenital Hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Answer 17

No iodine. Protruding tongue, Protruding umbilicus, pot bellied, puffy face, poor brain development

Question 18

Self limiting, painful thyroid. Follows flue like illness. Has granulomatous inflammation.

Answer 18

Dequervian aka Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

Question 19

Mimmicks anaplastic carcinoma.Fibrous tissue replaces throid. IgG4 related systemic disease. Painless goiter

Answer 19

Reidel

Question 20

What causes exopthalmos in Graves?

Answer 20

Infiltration of retroorbital space by activated T-cells increasing cytokines (TNF alpha and IFN gamma). Increasing fibroblast secretion and therefore causing osmotic muscle swelling and inflammation

Question 21

Hyperfunctioning follicular cells working independently of TSH

Answer 21

Toxic Multinodular goiter

Question 22

Hyperthyroidism and no iodine

Answer 22

Jod-Basedow Phenomenon

Question 23

Undifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer 23

older patients, poor prognosis.

Question 24

Sheets of cells in an amyloid stroma. Parafollicular C cells

Answer 24

Medullary

Question 25

MEN2A and 2B (RET mutations)

Answer 25

Medullary

Question 26

Benign growth of thyroid. Follicular histology, no invastion.

Answer 26

Throid adenoma

Question 27

Annie's Psomama Bodies in he pRETty BRAf. Got some irradiation as a kid

Answer 27

Pappillary

Question 28

Empty appearing nuclei with central clearing

Answer 28

Orphan Annie (Papillary)

Question 29

Good prognosis, invades thyroid capsule and vasculature, uniform follicles, hematogenous spread. Ass/ w/ RAS

Answer 29

Follicular

Question 30

Psuedohypoparathyroidism type 1A

Answer 30

Unresponsive kidney to PTH, due to defective Gs protein alpha subunit causing end organ reisistance to PTH is inherited from mother

Question 31

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Answer 31

Unresponsive kidney to PTH due to defective Gs protein alpha subunit. (no end organ damage). Inherited from father.

Question 32

Renal osteodystrophy

Answer 32

renal disease causing 2ndary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Question 33

What does acromegaly have an increased risk for?

Answer 33

colorectal cancer. MC cause of death is HF

Question 34

Increased GH and decreased IGF-1. defective GH receptors...

Answer 34

Laron Dwarfism

Question 35

atrophy or compression of pituitary

Answer 35

empty sellate syndrome

Question 36

Sudden hemorrhage of the pituitary. Usually in the presence of an existing adenoma

Answer 36

Pituitary apoplexy

Question 37

Kusmal Breathing

Answer 37

DKA

Question 38

DKA can be ass/ w/ what bug?

Answer 38

Mucor

Question 39

DM/ glucose intolerance, steatorrhea, gallstones

Answer 39

Somatostatinoma (Delta Cells)

Question 40

Gastrinoma (pancreatis or duodenum) aka

Answer 40

ZE

Question 41

gastrin secreting tumor (ZE) affects where

Answer 41

distal ulcers in duodenum and jejunum

Question 42

Secretin will not reduce gastrin?

Answer 42

ZE/ Gatrinomawa