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STEP 1 Biochem > Endo/ GI Path I suck at > Flashcards

Endo/ GI Path I suck at Flashcards

1
Q

MC tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids?

A

Neuroblastoma (Neural Crest)

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2
Q

MC presentation is an abdominal distension with a firm irregular mass that can cross the midline.

A

Neuroblastoma (N-myc)

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3
Q

Increase HVA and VMA in urine. Home Wright rosettes on histology. in a kid

A

Neuroblastoma

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4
Q

Homer Wright rosettes brain tumor (cystic) in a kid

A

Medulloblastoma

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5
Q

What markers is neuroblastoma positive for?

A

Bombesin and NSE. It’s a APUD tumor

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6
Q

Pheochromocytoma treatment?

A

Irreversible alpha antagonist (phenoxybenzamine), followed by a beta blocker prior to tumor resection.

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7
Q

Why give an alpha blocker before a beta for pheo resection?

A

Avoids hypertensive crisis

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8
Q

Germline mutations ass/ w/ pheo?

A

NF-1, VHL, RET (MEN 2A, 2B)

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9
Q

Myxedema (facial/periorbital) glycosamino glycans

A

Hypothyroidism

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10
Q

Pretibial myxedema (graves), periorbital edema.

A

Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Extraocular muscle hypertrophy in hyperthyoidism

A

Graves

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12
Q

Hypothyroid effects on cholesterol?

A

Hypercholesterolemia (due to decreased LDL receptors)

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13
Q

Hyperthyroid effects on cholesterol?

A

Hypocholesterolemia (due to increased LDL receptors)

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14
Q

MC cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient areas?

A

Hashimoto

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15
Q

Hashimoto Disorder (HLA-DR5)

A

AI w/ antithyroid peroxidease and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Increased risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell origin)

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16
Q

Hurthle cells, and lymphoid aggregates w/ germinal centers. Nontender Thyroid

A

Hashimoto

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17
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism (cretinism)

A

No iodine. Protruding tongue, Protruding umbilicus, pot bellied, puffy face, poor brain development

18
Q

Self limiting, painful thyroid. Follows flue like illness. Has granulomatous inflammation.

A

Dequervian aka Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

19
Q

Mimmicks anaplastic carcinoma.Fibrous tissue replaces throid. IgG4 related systemic disease. Painless goiter

A

Reidel

20
Q

What causes exopthalmos in Graves?

A

Infiltration of retroorbital space by activated T-cells increasing cytokines (TNF alpha and IFN gamma). Increasing fibroblast secretion and therefore causing osmotic muscle swelling and inflammation

21
Q

Hyperfunctioning follicular cells working independently of TSH

A

Toxic Multinodular goiter

22
Q

Hyperthyroidism and no iodine

A

Jod-Basedow Phenomenon

23
Q

Undifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid

A

older patients, poor prognosis.

24
Q

Sheets of cells in an amyloid stroma. Parafollicular C cells

A

Medullary

25
Q

MEN2A and 2B (RET mutations)

A

Medullary

26
Q

Benign growth of thyroid. Follicular histology, no invastion.

A

Throid adenoma

27
Q

Annie’s Psomama Bodies in he pRETty BRAf. Got some irradiation as a kid

A

Pappillary

28
Q

Empty appearing nuclei with central clearing

A

Orphan Annie (Papillary)

29
Q

Good prognosis, invades thyroid capsule and vasculature, uniform follicles, hematogenous spread. Ass/ w/ RAS

A

Follicular

30
Q

Psuedohypoparathyroidism type 1A

A

Unresponsive kidney to PTH, due to defective Gs protein alpha subunit causing end organ reisistance to PTH is inherited from mother

31
Q

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

A

Unresponsive kidney to PTH due to defective Gs protein alpha subunit. (no end organ damage). Inherited from father.

32
Q

Renal osteodystrophy

A

renal disease causing 2ndary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

33
Q

What does acromegaly have an increased risk for?

A

colorectal cancer. MC cause of death is HF

34
Q

Increased GH and decreased IGF-1. defective GH receptors…

A

Laron Dwarfism

35
Q

atrophy or compression of pituitary

A

empty sellate syndrome

36
Q

Sudden hemorrhage of the pituitary. Usually in the presence of an existing adenoma

A

Pituitary apoplexy

37
Q

Kusmal Breathing

A

DKA

38
Q

DKA can be ass/ w/ what bug?

A

Mucor

39
Q

DM/ glucose intolerance, steatorrhea, gallstones

A

Somatostatinoma (Delta Cells)

40
Q

Gastrinoma (pancreatis or duodenum) aka

A

ZE

41
Q

gastrin secreting tumor (ZE) affects where

A

distal ulcers in duodenum and jejunum

42
Q

Secretin will not reduce gastrin?

A

ZE/ Gatrinomawa

STEP 1 Biochem (5 decks)

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