Emergence - social division

Question 1

When was serfdom abolished in Russia?

Answer 1

1861

Question 2

What did the abolishment of serfdom lead to?

Answer 2

the creation of the Redemption payments

Question 3

why were the serfs forced to pay?
for how long

consequences if they refused?
Reaction of peasantry

Answer 3

government had paid serf owners - the serfs now had to reimburse the gov.
paid in annual over 49 years - most didn’t live this long (passed down)
imprisoned if they didn’t pay
angry - hadn’t achieved true freedom

Question 4

unfairness within tax paying?

Answer 4

you could pay a one-off to get out of paying taxes
only Aristocracy & gentry could afford this

Question 5

causes for peasant unrest (4)

Answer 5

chronic land shortage
rapidly growing population
very low levels of literacy
burden of redemption payments

Question 6

define: ‘Dictatorship of Proletariat’

Answer 6

intermediate stage between a capitalist and a communist economy

Question 7

Tsar Nicholas II: date of ascension
married ?
reaction to spread of ideas of communism

Answer 7

1894
Alexandra of Hesse
terrified

Question 8

different groups?
different languages?

Answer 8

Russia was multinational / multi-religious / multicultural
more than 100 languages were spoken

Question 9

how did modernisation affect the different minority groups

Answer 9

caused unrest - nationalism sweeping through Europe in late 19th century
began to show signs of discontent with regime

Question 10

how were the peasants living
what percent

Answer 10

off the land - low-life expectancy - angry with Tsar
80%

Question 11

what percent did the working class make up

Answer 11

10% at most

Question 12

what 3 ideas come from the West

Answer 12

1) Liberalism
2) Nationalism
3)Socialism

Question 13

Define: Liberalism

Answer 13

maximising freedom of individual from the state
free press / elections
parliament & constitutions

Question 14

Define: Nationalism

Answer 14

individuals who share characteristics with others should live in country with those people, under a government like them
not living as a minority

Question 15

Define: Socialism
how did Nicholas feel about it

Answer 15

sees all socialists as the same (ignores moderate socialists)
the community should share property and power
felt the ‘mob’ should be kept out of politics - against it

Question 16

How does the Tsar try to contain this
does he succeed?

Answer 16

persecutes many groups - against toleration of other groups
wanted Russification
only orthodox Christianity permitted
he cannot stop the spread of ideas (railway, printing press, newspapers)

Question 17

why did urbanisation lead to problems

Answer 17

tension between conservative gov. that doesn’t want to lose power and large numbers of workers concentrated in cities

Question 18

how did urbanisation affect the peasantry

Answer 18

higher taxes in order for the gov. to fund industrialisation
peasants had to sell more grain - more vulnerable to famine
bad harvests in 1890s led to rural unrest