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Phase 1 - S3 Head and Neck > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

how many pharyngeal arches are there

A

5

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2
Q

what are pharyngeal arches

A

projections of proliferating mesoderm coming from the neck region of the developing embryo

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3
Q

what is associated with each pharyngeal arch

A

artery, cranial nerve and cartilage

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4
Q

what nerve is associated with pharyngeal arch 1

A

trigeminal

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5
Q

what nerve is associated with pharyngeal arch 2

A

facial

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6
Q

what nerve is associated with pharyngeal arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal

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7
Q

what nerve is associated with pharyngeal arch 4

A

vagus

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8
Q

what nerve is associated with pharyngeal arch 6

A

hypoglossal

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9
Q

what does the cartilage associated with pharyngeal arch 1 develop into

A

incus, malleus and template for the mandible

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10
Q

what does the cartilage associated with pharyngeal arch 2 develop into

A

middle ear bones and part of the hyoid bone

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11
Q

what does the cartilage associated with pharyngeal arch 3 develop into

A

part of the hyoid bone

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12
Q

what does the cartilage associated with pharyngeal arch 4 develop into

A

larynx cartilage

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13
Q

what does the cartilage associated with pharyngeal arch 6 develop into

A

larynx cartilage

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14
Q

describe what happens to the aortic arches in development

A

the first 2 degree
3rd = internal carotid
4th = arch of aorta (L) and brachiocephalic (R)
6 = pulmonary arch

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15
Q

what is the mesoderm derivative of pharyngeal arch 1

A

muscles of mastication

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16
Q

what is the mesoderm derivative of pharyngeal arch 2

A

muscles of facial expression

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17
Q

what is the mesoderm derivative of pharyngeal arch 3

A

stylopharyngeus muscle in the head

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18
Q

what is the mesoderm derivative of pharyngeal arch 4

A

constrictors or pharynx, cricothyroid muscle and levator palatini

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19
Q

what is the mesoderm derivative of pharyngeal arch 6

A

larynx muscles

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20
Q

what is the name of the 1st pharyngeal pouch

A

tympanic cavity

21
Q

what do the pharyngeal pouches develop into

A

palatine tonsils, parathyroid glands, thymus

22
Q

what does the 1st pharyngeal cleft develop into

A

external auditory meatus

23
Q

what is the stomatodeum

A

the space between the frontonasal prominence and 1st pharyngeal arch that will become the oral cavity

24
Q

in the development of the face, what will derive from the FNP

A

forehead, bridge or nose, philtrum

25
Q

in the development of the face, what will derive from the the maxillary part of the 1st arch

A

cheek, upper lateral lip, lateral upper jaw

26
Q

in the development of the face, what will derive from the mandibular part of the 1st arch

A

lower lip and jaw

27
Q

what does the 1st pharyngeal pouch develop into

A

the small bones of the ears (ossicles) and the middle ear

28
Q

describe the development of the nose

A

the nasal placoderms sink in to become nasal pits - these are surrounded by medial and lateral nasal prominences

the maximally prominence then grows medially pushing the 2 medial nasal prominences together which fuse to form the intermaxillary segment

the maxillary prominences are known as the palatal shelves and these also fuse together to form the palate

29
Q

what is lateral cleft lip

A

where the medial nasal prominences fail to fuse

30
Q

what is cleft lip and cleft palate

A

where the medial nasal prominences and the palatal shelves fail to fuse

31
Q

what type of tissue does the infundibulum develop from

A

neurectoderm

32
Q

what does the infundibulum develop into

A

posterior pituitary gland

33
Q

what type of tissue does Rathke’s pouch develop from

A

ectoderm

34
Q

what does Rathke’s pouch develop into

A

anterior pituitary gland

35
Q

where does the thyroid gland start developing from

A

at the foramen caecum at the base of the tongue

36
Q

what duct does the thyroid gland move down

A

the thryoglossal duct

37
Q

what can form if the thyroglossal duct doesn’t fully degenerate

A

thryoglossal cysts fistuales

38
Q

which pharyngeal arches contribute to the tongue

A

all 5 of the arches

39
Q

name the areas of the pharyngeal arches which make up the tongue

A

1 - lateral lingual swellings and Tuberculum impar
2 and 3 - cupola
4- epiglottal swelling

40
Q

describe the growth of the pharyngeal arches to give the tongue

A

the lateral lingual swellings and cupola overgrow the Tuberculum impar so that the 2nd arch no longer forms part of the tongue

41
Q

what is the only attachment of the tongue to the base of the oral cavity

A

lingual frenulum

42
Q

what nerve supplies the taste buds

A

chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

43
Q

what migrates to the tongue to form the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles and what nerve is associated with this

A

occipital somites which are associated with CN XII

44
Q

what is Treacher Collins syndrome

A

where neural crest cells fail to migrate to the 1st pharyngeal arch

45
Q

what are the consequences of Treacher Collins syndrome

A

hypoplasia of the mandible and facial bones

46
Q

what is Di-Georges syndrome

A

failure of the neural crest cells to develop in the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

47
Q

what are the consequences of Di-Georges syndrome

A

immunodeficiency - due to hypoplasia of the thymus so little T cell maturation
hypocalceamia - due to absence of parathyroid glands

48
Q

what is charge syndrome

A

where neural crest cells abnormally differentiate to become multipotent

Phase 1 - S3 Head and Neck (13 decks)

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