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Embryo Test 1 > Embryo Test 1 > Flashcards

Embryo Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Decidual reaction

A

Endometrium cells SWELL as they will with glycogen and lipids,
Provide nutrients to embryo

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2
Q

Capacitation rxn

A

Sperm undergo a 7 hr period of maturation within ISTHMUS of uterine tube

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3
Q

Zona rxn

A

Sperm make oocyte impermeable so other spermies cannot get in

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4
Q

Acrosome rxn

A

Sperm release enzymes thru acrosome to penetrate thru corona radiata

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5
Q

Physical function of hCG

A

Maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy

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6
Q

Clinical function of hCG

A

Positive pregnancy test. Tells u implantation has occurred

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7
Q

Bilaminar disc layers

A

Epi/ hypo blast

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8
Q

What separates the epiblast from the amnion

A

Amnioblast

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9
Q

Day 13/ 14 are characterized by:

A

Development of chorionic villi (site of gas and nutrient exchange within the placenta)

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10
Q

What does the extraembryonic coelom divide the extraembryonic mesoderm into

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

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11
Q

What does the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm give rise to

A

Lining of cytotrophoblast and amnion

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12
Q

What does the extraembryonic splanchinc mesoderm give rise to

A

Lining umbilical vesicle

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13
Q

Chorion is formed by :

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblast
Synctytiotrophoblast

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14
Q

Suspended within the chorionic sac by the connecting stalk are the:

A

Embryo
Amniotic sac
Umbilical vesicle

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15
Q

What divides the chorionic cavity

A

Extraembryonic coelom

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16
Q

Day 14- the ____ cells in one area of Bilaminar disc elongate to form _____

A

Hypoblast, prechordal plate

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17
Q

What does the prechordal plate form

A

Mouth, but important for development of head

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18
Q

Where do BV’s first appear

A

Connecting stalk,
Chorion,
Umbilical vesicle

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19
Q

What is the name for the hamburger drawing / what does it consist of

A

“Conceptus” (embryo + assoc. membranes)

Top bun=amniotic sac
Buns = bilaminar disc
Bottom bun= umbilical vesicle
All in chorionic sac
Chorion surrounds
CONNECTING STALK connects hamburger to chorionic sac

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20
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

Abnormal implantation anywhere outside the uterine cavity

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21
Q

Types of ectopic pregnancies discussed in class (and the most common)

A

1.) ectopic tubal pregnancy (MOST COMMON)
2.) ectopic abdominal pregnancy
3.) ectopic cervical pregnancy
4.) ectopic mesenteric pregnancy
5.) primary ovarian pregnancy

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22
Q

What is ectopic tubal pregnancy

A

Implantation occurs in uterine tube

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23
Q

What is ectopic abdominal pregnancy

A

Implantation in rectouterine pouch

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24
Q

What is ectopic cervical pregnancy

A

Implantation in cervical canal

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25
Q

What is ectopic mesenteric pregnancy

A

Implantation in mesentery of small intestine

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26
Q

What is primary ovarian pregnancy

A

Implantation in ovary

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27
Q

What is a spontaneous abortion

A

Aka miscarriage, occurs within the first 3 weeks after fertilization

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28
Q

What causes most spontaneous abortions

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

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29
Q

When is spontaneous abortion most likely? Teratogenesis?

A

Spontaneous abortion- within the first 3 weeks
Teratogenesis- week 3-8, high spike at week 5

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30
Q

What is special about week 3 of development

A

Trilaminar disc aka 3 germ layers

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31
Q

1st event of week 3

A

Gastrulation

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32
Q

What is gastrulation

A

Bi to tri laminar disc

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33
Q

What does the bi to tri laminar disc (gastrulation ) begin with

A

Primitive streak in epiblast

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34
Q

What is a key process during gastrulation

A

Morphogenesis: the development of the body starts to form

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35
Q

Describe the process of the primitive streak in gastrulation

A

Cells of epiblast migrate toward primitive streak and move inward beneath it (invagination)

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36
Q

Which germ layer(s) replace the hypoblast

A

Endoderm

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37
Q

What layer of bilamiar disc is source of all germ layers

A

The epiblast

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38
Q

What color represents endoderm

A

Yellow

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39
Q

Color that represents mesoderm

A

Red

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40
Q

Color that represents ectoderm

A

Blue

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41
Q

When does primitive streak disappear

A

By the end of the 4th week

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42
Q

What is the 2nd major event of week 3

A

Notochord formation

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43
Q

The notochord process consists of what germ layer

A

Mesoderm

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44
Q

When direction does the notochord grow

A

Cranially

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45
Q

What represents the future site of the oral cavity

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

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46
Q

What represents the future site of the Anus

A

Cloacal membrane

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47
Q

Cranial and caudal end of primitive streak:

A

Cranial: prechordal plate
Caudal:cloacal membrane

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48
Q

By the middle of the 3rd week, mesoderm separates endoderm/ectoderm everywhere except..

A

Opopharyngeal membrane (cranial)
Cloacal membrane (caudal)

** ECTO/ENDODERM =. FUSED, preventing entrance of mesoderm **

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49
Q

Where does the notochord come from

A

Notochordal plate

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50
Q

Importance of the notochord:

A

1.) defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo
2.) provides rigidity to the embryo
3.) forms the central part of the intervertebral discs (nucleus pulposus.. gel-like)
4.)signaling center for development in early embryo

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51
Q

T/F the notochord degenerates as the vertebral bodies grow

A

True, only thing left is the nucleus pulposus

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52
Q

What is the third major process in week 3

A

Neurulation

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53
Q

What is neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube

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54
Q

The neural tube gives rise to what nervous system

A

CNS

55
Q

Notochord + ectoderm =

A

Neural plate

56
Q

Neural plate —>

A

Invaginates to form neural groove

57
Q

What happens when neural folds approach each other

A

Neural tube

58
Q

What is the 4th major event of week 3

A

Neural crest development

59
Q

After they develop, Neural crest cells __

A

Separates into 2

60
Q

Neural crest cells take on characteristics of the

A

Mesenchyme

61
Q

Mesenchyme:

A

Undifferentiated CT

62
Q

Where do the neural crest halves go

A

Alongside dorsolateral aspect of neural tube

63
Q

“4th germ layer”

A

Neural crest ..

Many PNS /mesenchymal structures of head and neck are derived from neural crest cells

64
Q

What is the 5th major event in week 3

A

Somite formation

65
Q

Which germ layer is organized into 3 columns during somite formation process

A

Mesoderm

66
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mesoderm during somite formation

A

1- paraxial mesoderm (adjacent to notochord)
2- intermediate mesoderm
3-lateral mesoderm (continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm of umbilical vesicle and amnion

67
Q

Paraxial mesoderm does what at end of week 3

A

Differentiates and divides into somites

68
Q

Where can somites be found

A

Either side or notochord and developing neural tube

69
Q

By week 5, there are how many pairs of somites

A

42 to 44

70
Q

Where does somite development begin/ what way does it move

A

Occipital region of head, moves caudally

71
Q

Somites give rise to..

A

-axial skeleton (ex: vertebrae column)
-axial musculature
-dermis of skin (CT of skin, deeper layer)

72
Q

What is the first fully functioning system in an embryo

A

Cardiovascular system

73
Q

During 2nd week of development, embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from mother via diffusion from the :

A

-Extraembryoic coelom
-umbilical vesicle

74
Q

By week 3, BV’s appear in :

A

-umbilical vesicle
-connecting stalk
-chorion

75
Q

When does heart begin formation

A

By end of 3rd week

76
Q

When does heart beat/ blood circulate

A

Week 4

77
Q

What is the last major event of week 3

A

Chorionic villi

78
Q

Primary chorionic villi:

A

Appear during week 2 as cell extensions which grow into synchtiotrophoblasts

79
Q

Secondary chorionic villi

A

Developer early in week 3, when mesenchyme grows into the primary villi

80
Q

Tertiary chorionic villi

A

Develop near end of week 3, when capillaries grow into the villi. (Capillaries become connected to the embryonic heart thru BV growth)

  • important because all nutrients, oxygen, etc. reach the embryo here*
81
Q

By end of week 3, ___ and ___ is entering embryo, while __ and ___ are excreted into maternal blood via chorionic villi

A

Oxygen, nutrients, Carbon dioxide, waste products

82
Q

What forms the cytotrophoblastic shell?

A

Cytotrophoblastic process from chorionic villi

83
Q

What does the cytotrophoblastic shell/ sac anchor on to

A

Endometrium

84
Q

What is the hydatidiform mole

A

Embryo dies, chorionic villi degenerate/ form cysts which look like grapes

85
Q

When is the hydatidiform mole most common

A

Fertilization of an oocyte lacking a female pronucleus, “monospermic”

86
Q

Week 4-8 of embryonic development is important because..

A

All major external features and organ systems have begun their development

87
Q

Trilaminar disc changes to a…

A

“Distinctly human form”

88
Q

Major thing to remember with week 4..

A

Embryonic folding

89
Q

Ventral folding of embryo occurs at the :

A

Cranial end
Caudal end
Lateral edges

90
Q

____ Folding of the head becomes the ____

A

Ventral, Foregut

91
Q

Ventral cranial folding causes what organ to move ventrally

A

Heart

92
Q

___ folding of the ___ end forms HIND GUT

A

Ventral, caudal

93
Q

Ventral folding of LATERAL EDGES of the embryo forms ____

A

MID GUT

94
Q

Cranial end= __ gut

A

Fore

95
Q

Caudal end = __ gut

A

Hind

96
Q

What happens in Week 6:

A

Spontaneous movements of the embryo (twitching)

97
Q

When should a heartbeat be detectable

A

6-7 weeks

98
Q

During week 8, what happens

A

The first PURPOSEFUL movements of the limbs

99
Q

T/F all tissues and organs are derived from 3 germ layers

A

True

100
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to

A

2 divisions: surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm (2 parts)

101
Q

The surface ectoderm gives rise to what organs/tissues

A

-Epidermis and derivatives (hair, nails, cutaneous/ mammary glands)
-dental enamel
-special sense organs (eyes, ears)
-ANT PITUITARY GLAND

102
Q

The 2 parts of the neuroectoderm

A

-neural tube
-neural crest cells

103
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to

A

-CNS
-POST pituitary gland
-PINEAL gland
-retina

104
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to

A

-spinal root ganglia
-autonomic ganglia
-neurolemma of peripheral nerves
-arachnoid and pia mater
-medulla of suprarenal gland
-melanocytes
-HEAD AND NECK structures derived form mesenchyme
-outflow tract of heart

105
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to what divisions

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm

106
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to

A

(Forms somites)

Bone
CT
Muscle
Dermis

107
Q

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to

A

-organs and ducts of urinary system
-organs and ducts of reproductive systems

108
Q

The lateral mesoderm gives rise to

A

-cardiovascular system (blood cells)
-lymphatic system
-STROMA OF ORGANs (acts as CT for organs) (gives organ shape)
-membranes lining body cavities
-cortex of suprarenal gland

109
Q

STROMA vs parenchyma

A

STROMA is the ct framework of an organ
Parenchyma is the functional cells of an organ

110
Q

The endoderm gives rise to

A

-epithelium of respiratory system
-epithelium of digestive system
-epithelium of bladder/ urethra
-parenchyma of liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, tonsils, and thymus

111
Q

The process of embryonic development occurs in how many phases?

A

3

112
Q

Embryonic development is controlled by what

A

Interaction of genetic and environmental factors

113
Q

What are the 3 phases of embryonic development

A

-growth (cell div)
-morphogenesis (development of organs)
-differentiation (production of specialized cell types and their organization into functional tissues and organs)

114
Q

Factors involved in embryonic development:

A

1.) tissue interactions
2.) regulated migration of cells
3.) regulated proliferation of cells
4.) apoptosis

115
Q

What is induction

A

The interaction between tissues which leads to a change in the course of development

116
Q

What changes the course of development of the reacting tissue

A

The inductor tissue

117
Q

Induction happens bc of tissue signaling. What are the 3 forms of signaling

A

1.) diffusible molecule (ex: sonic hedgehog)
2.) nondiffusible matrix secreted by the inductor
3.) direct physical contact between the inductor and responding tissue

118
Q

How long are reacting tissues receptive to induction

A

Only for a limited time,

119
Q

Failure of induction to occur during the limited time it has results in what

A

Developmental errors

‘Key will only lock for a certain amount of time”

120
Q

How long is the normal pregnancy

A

40 weeks (from the first day of the last normal menstrual period)

121
Q

How long is normal pregnancy after fertilization

A

38 weeks, (two weeks after last normal menstrual period)

122
Q

How is gestational age dates

A

From the last normal menstrual period (LNMP)

123
Q

How is the embryonic age dated

A

From fertilization

124
Q

Factors which affect the reliability of using the LNMP to estimate age of embryo:

A

-oligomenorrhea (scantly menstrual flow)
-cessation of oral contraceptive use
-use of IUD
-postpartum pregnancy (short interval between pregnancies)

125
Q

When is the fetal period

A

From week 9- birth

126
Q

What is the fetal period characterized by

A

Rapid body growth / maturation of the tissues and body systems established during embryonic period

127
Q

Does the head grow fast or slow in the fetal period

A

Slow (compared to rest of body)

128
Q

Is fetus more or less susceptible to terratogenic agents than the embryo

A

Less

129
Q

How are fetal measurements measured

A

Via ultrasound

130
Q

How is length of fetus described

A

-crown- rump length (CRL): sitting height
-crown-heel length (CHL): standing height (vertex to heel)

131
Q

What does measurement of the head include

A

-biparietal diameter (measured bt 2 parietal eminences)
-head circumference

*measurements are estimates using ultrasonography / fetus age to assess growth rate *

132
Q

When is growth in length particularly pronounced

A

Months 3-5

133
Q

When is increase in weight most rapid

A

Months 8-9

Embryo Test 1 (1 decks)

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