Elizabethan England c1568 - 1603

Question 1

How did Elizabeth’s background make it difficult for her to be a Queen?

Answer 1

1. Henry the VIII died in 1547 and her little brother Edward was made king and he was Protestant, however he died young and her sister Mary became queen and she was Catholic.
2. This meant that nearly 300 protestants were burnt at the stake because Mary was trying to convert the country back to Catholicism.
3. There was a rebellion in 1554 which Mary suspected that Elizabeth was involved in and she was arrested and charged for treason.
4. Luckily there wasn’t enough evidence to prove that Elizabeth was a part of the plot and 4 years later Mary died and Elizabeth became queen.

Question 2

Who revolted against Henry VIII because of becoming the Head of the new Church of England?

Answer 2

1. In 1536, a serious rebellion broke out in the North of England. Over 200 rebel leaders were executed.

Question 3

What problems did Mary I leave for Elizabeth to have to deal with? (4)

Answer 3

1. There were enormous depts and an unhappy country.
2. She executed 90 rebels in 1554.
3. There were 2 terrible harvests, prices rose sharply and thousands of people died of starvation and disease.
4. Mary also joined and unsuccessful war with Spain against France.

Question 4

What problems did Edward VI have which also caused problems later for Elizabeth? (5)

Answer 4

1. Decoration such as wall paintings and stained glass windows, were removed from churches.
2. A new prayer book, which used English rather than Latin was introduced.
3. In 1549, catholics in Devon and Cornwall rebelled because of these changes; 2500 of them were executed for their role in the rebellion - angering people.
4. Many people were living poverty and harvests were bad so prices rose. Many farmers lost their jobs when some landowners started enclosing land to keep sheep instead of growing crops.
5. This causes a rebellion in Norfolk in 1549 which resulted in 3000 dead who were killed by soldiers sent by the government.

Question 5

Patronage - What was the system of power in the Elizabethan era? And what roles did they play? (5)

Answer 5

1. God
2. Monarch - gives reward and jobs in national government to
3. Nobles - Wealthiest landowners - they were expected to be advisors and often appointed as Lord Lieutenants who were to provide well trained soldiers.
4. The Gentry - Knights, Lawyers and Merchants - Owned land but less wealthy than Nobles - Ran the local government as Justice of the Peace. About 40 in each county. Had to please the Nobles and collected taxes.
5. Everyone else - yoemen - farners who owned their own land. - Tenant farmers etc - Worked for people above them and served as soldiers when needed. They were expected to be loyal but could cause rebellions.

Question 6

What was the importance of patronage? (2)

Answer 6

1. The monarch needed help controlling the country.
2. However, they always had to ensure that they pleased the Queen if not they could lose their role.

Question 7

What was the importance of the Government? (4)

Answer 7

1. The royal court was the centre of government - settle arguments and ask for advice.
2. Whenever the Queen went somewhere, the court moved with her - The queen would rarely stay in one place for more that 2 weeks. She would spend most of her time in Whitehall but other places like Windsor too.
3. Power depended on keeping close to the Queen - Due to the system of Patronage, people wanted to keep good relationships with those above you. They would find it easier to attract loyal supporters form the gentry.
4. The Queen used patronage to keep courtiers loyal - Her favourite courtiers were given accommodation, while others had to find a place to stay. However, she would share titles and positions around. She would allow some Catholics to come to court even though she was protestant.

Question 8

What was Court life like? (2)

Answer 8

1. Elizabeth was at the centre of the royal court - She would spend a lot of time in her privy chamber (private rooms). A small group of ladies in waiting would take care of her and they were expected to tell her what was happening in court.
2. Elizabeth used ceremonies and entertainments to demonstrate her power - It was for fun but also designed to impress anyone who saw it. She would do dancing, hunting and feasts.

Question 9

What was the Privy council? (2)

Answer 9

1. Most powerful courtiers were members that would advise the queen and support her as much as possible, many of they were her closest advisers.
2. The Secretary of State was the Queen’s main adviser and the leading Privy Counsellor.

Question 10

What was the role of the Privy Council in Propaganda?

Answer 10

1. Propaganda - Helped create a positive image of the Queen through written publications and pictures.

Question 11

What was the role of the Privy Council in People Management?

Answer 11

1. People management - The Lord Treasurer was responsible for finances and spending.
   The Lord High Admiral commanded England’s Navy
   The Lord Chamberlain ran the royal household and booked appointments for Elizabeth. He also controlled who could enter the Privy Chamber and meet the Queen.

Question 12

What was the role of the Privy Council in Policy?

Answer 12

1. Advised the queen on important issues such as religion, and foreign policy.

Question 13

What was the role of the Privy Council in Protection?

Answer 13

1. Protected the Queen, by using spies to uncover plots against her and helping her crush rebellions. They also organised England’s defence against foreign invasion.

Question 14

What was the role of the Privy Council in Pathway to the Queen?

Answer 14

1. The Secretary of State was most in contact with the Queen. All letters to the Queen passed through the Secretary of State first.

Question 15

What was the role of the Privy Council in Problem Solving?

Answer 15

1. The Secretary of State was also expected to deal with any day - to day problems that arose.

Question 16

What was the role of the Privy Council in Pariament?

Answer 16

1. Helped control what happened in parliament, decided what could be debated and made speeches to support or explain the Queen’s policies.

Question 17

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? Delay? (2)

Answer 17

1. She would make it clear who would make the big decisions.
2. She refused to be rushed into making important decisions. - Reminded them of who was in control.

Question 18

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? A small team?

Answer 18

1. Mary used to have 50 counsellors by Elizabeth limited the team to 19, which made it easier to control. Sometimes, she attended meetings of just 8 or 9 counsellors.

Question 19

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? Written records?

Answer 19

1. Elizabeth used detailed notes of discussions to question or catch them out.

Question 20

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? Careful Selection? (3)

Answer 20

1. Elizabeth chose her counsellors very carefully.
2. She did not want to offend powerful nobles who could turn against her.
3. For example, she did not appoint her closest friend Robert Dudley for 4 years because she thought that might make existing counsellors jealous.

Question 21

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? Divide and rule?

Answer 21

1. She deliberately chose counsellors with different viewpoints to let her listen to all sides and them make the final decision herself.

Question 22

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? Rewards?

Answer 22

1. If a counsellor did well she would give them a jobs that allowed them to become rich which encouraged counsellors to remain loyal.

Question 23

How did Elizabeth control her Privy Counsellors? Punishments? (3)

Answer 23

1. If a counsellor upset Elizabeth he would be quickly dismissed.
2. Elizabeth would also display her anger, sometimes randomly to keep the counsellors on their toes.
3. Only 2 counsellors rebelled against her - the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Essex who were both executed.

Question 24

Who was Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley? (1520 - 89)
1. Background and Previous experience
2. Religion
3. Personality and relationship with other counsellors
4. How he served Elizabeth

Answer 24

1. Member of the Gentry and was well educated, went to Cambridge Uni and a member of the Privy Council
2. Was a Moderate Protestant
3. Wanted to bring the country together and avoid war, Intelligent and hard working. Not a afraid to disagree with Elizabeth but very loyal.
4. Elizabeth’s most trusted advisor, served her for 40 years.
   Became Secretary of State in 1558 and in 1590 and was Lord Treasurer in 1572.

Question 25

Who was Sir Christopher Hatton? (1540-91)
1. Background and Previous experience
2. Religion
3. Personality and relationship with other counsellors
4. How he served Elizabeth

Answer 25

1. Member of Gentry, went to Oxford Uni and was a lawyer
2. Moderate Protestant, and sympathised with Catholics.
3. Intelligent, calm and kind
4. Organised the Queen’s progresses.
   Made Lord Chancellor in 1587
   Captain of Queen’s bodyguard.

Question 26

Who was Sir Francis Walsingham? (1532-90)
1. Background and Previous experience
2. Religion
3. Personality and relationship with other counsellors
4. How he served Elizabeth

Answer 26

1. Member of the Gentry, Studying at Cambridge and was a well educate lawyer and was multilingual.
2. A Puritan, wanted to remove decoration from Churches and make services simpler. And believed that Catholics were a threat to the country.
3. A brilliant organiser, often disagreed with William Cecil. Once the Queen threw a slipper at his head for criticising her.
4. Put in charge of secret service.
   Helped uncover a Catholic plot against Elizabeth in 1571.
   Took over William Cecil as Secretary of State in 1572.
   In 1586, found evidence that Elizabeth’s cousin, Mary queen of Scots, was involved in a plot to murder her.

Question 27

Who was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester? (1533-88)
1. Background and Previous experience
2. Religion
3. Personality and relationship with other counsellors
4. How he served Elizabeth

Answer 27

1. Member of Nobility, Well educated, Childhood friend of Elizabeth, there were rumours that they were in love.
2. A puritan
3. Very ambitious, good organiser and disliked William Cecil
4. Loyal adviser to Elizabeth and was made Earl of Leicester in 1564.
   In 1588 he was in charge of the land forces during the Spanish Armada

Question 28

How did Elizabeth influence her public image? (2)

Answer 28

1. She would wear a white face mask to make her look young and to hide her smallpox scars
2. She would also wear a wig by the 1850’s to cover up the fact that she had lost her hair.

Question 29

How was publishing and play controlled? (3)

Answer 29

1. There were only 60 printing presses in England at the time. This made it easy for the Privy Council to censor any books or pamphlets that they disproved of.
2. The government briefly shut down London’s theatres in 1597 when a play seemed to criticise the Queen.
3. Books that supported the Queen and made fun or enemies such as the King of Spain were encouraged.

Question 30

What was the Royal progress? (2)

Answer 30

1. She would go on regular tours around the country and visit the houses of Nobility or wealthy Gentry and were expected to have feasts and stay free of charge.
2. She travelled with many of her counsellors.

Question 31

What were the Portraits of Elizabeth like?(3)

Answer 31

1. They were carefully controlled images.
2. They showed positive images of the queen and spread positive messages
3. Some were sent abroad and were meant to impress foreign rulers.

Question 32

What messages did Elizabeth’s portraits put across? (6)

Answer 32

1. That she was England’s rightful ruler - many Catholics didn’t believe that she was the rightful queen so she would have an orb and sceptre and symbols of monarchs power to show that she belonged.
2. That she was powerful - she would be standing or a map of England with her hand on a globe.
3. That she was wealthy - she would wear expensive dresses and jewellery.
4. That she was young and healthy - Hid signs of aging as it was a sign of weakness.
5. That she was a wise and successful ruler - shown with a serpent which symbolised wisdom and would be shown bringing sunshine representing hope.
6. That she protected her people - some show symbols showing her as a mother, willing to sacrifice herself to protect them.

Question 33

What plots was Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk a part of?

Answer 33

1. In 1571, he got involved in the Ridolfi Plot. The plan was to land 6000 Spanish troops in England, where they would join English Catholics to remove Elizabeth from the throne. But the plot was uncovered and the Duke was executed in June 1572.

Question 34

What was Elizabeth’s problems with the Catholic Church? Religion

Answer 34

1. They believed that the Churches should be well decorated. They might rebel if Elizabeth made the Church more Protestant.

Question 35

What was Elizabeth’s problems with heirs? Succession

Answer 35

1. If Elizabeth did not have any children, Mary Queen of Scots had the strongest claim. But she was Catholic.

Question 36

What was Elizabeth’s problems with the King of Spain? Political

Answer 36

1. King Philip of Spain hoped to marry Elizabeth, but he was Catholic. If she refused and reintroduced Protestantism, he might attack. Spain was the most powerful country in Europe.

Question 37

What was Elizabeth’s problems with debt? Economical

Answer 37

1. Mary I had fought an expensive war against France, so Elizabeths started her reign with massive debts. And did not have enough money to pay for a full - time army.

Question 38

What was Elizabeth’s problems with the Privy Council in terms of heirs? Succession

Answer 38

1. Parliament and the Privy Council wanted Elizabeth to marry and produce and heir. People feared that if she died without an heir, it would lead to civil war.

Question 39

What was Elizabeth’s problems with Parliament in terms of power? Political

Answer 39

1. Parliament was growing more powerful and demanding more say in how the country should be run.

Question 40

What was Elizabeth’s problems with how people saw her as a female ruler? Succession

Answer 40

1. Some people feared that a young woman ruler would not have the strength of character to control the powerful male nobles.

Question 41

What was Elizabeth’s problems with the Protestants? Religious

Answer 41

1. They believed that the monarch should be in charge of the country’s Church and that there should be little decoration in Churches.

Question 42

What was Elizabeth’s problems with Puritans? Religious

Answer 42

1. They wanted very plain churches and simple services. There were lots of Puritans in parliament.

Question 43

What was Elizabeth’s problems with trade? (Hint - Wool) Economic

Answer 43

1. Country’s most important industry was making woollen cloth. This was sold abroad but by the early 1550’s the trade was collapsing. The government were earning less from taxes and thousands of spinners and weavers were unemployed as a result.

Question 44

How did Elizabeth control the parliament? (3)

Answer 44

1. She decided when the parliament met.
2. She decided what parliament could discuss.
3. She could dismiss parliament if it refused to do what she wanted but she was willing to compromise.

Question 45

Elizabeth did face some opposition from parliament? What was Puritan opposition like? (4)

Answer 45

1. They wanted MP’s to be able to discuss what they want in parliament.
2. They wanted the organisation of the Church to be changed. They wanted less decoration and no bishops.
3. They wanted her to marry a Protestant Prince to make sure that the heir was Protestant.
4. John Stubbs wrote a pamphlet criticising her for considering a French Catholic and he was imprisoned and his right hand was chopped off.

Question 46

What type of opposition did Elizabeth face about monopolies? (4)

Answer 46

1. The monarch could grant a monopoly.
2. Towards the end of her reign, many MP’s complained about her giving monopolies to members of her Privy Council or favourite courtiers.
3. In 1601, she compromised and started to cancel some monopolies.
4. However these are exceptions, for most of her reign, she was able to control parliament and gain taxes and changes to the law that she wanted.

Question 47

What were the disadvantages of Elizabeth marrying? (3)

Answer 47

1. She could lose her independence, her husband might try to control and rule the country himself.
2. If she marries and English Noble, it could make other powerful men jealous and they could try and rebel against her. If she doesn’t marry they will stay loyal to her and some might try to impress her in order to marry her.
3. Marrying a Catholic prince would add to her religious problems. Most people in England are protestant and do not want to be ruled by a foreign monarch and not by a Catholic.

Question 48

There were 3 main suitors for Elizabeth to marry? King Philip II of Spain?

Answer 48

1. Had been married to Mary I and was keen to regain hit title of King of England. She rejected him because of the unrest it caused when her sister married him and because of the the unsuccessful war against France with him.

Question 49

There were 3 main suitors for Elizabeth to marry? Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester? (4)

Answer 49

1. They were childhood friends and there were rumours that they were in love.
2. However, he was married and in September 1560 Dudley’s wife was found dead, even though the death was seen as an accident, there was suspicion that Dudley or Elizabeth was involved in the death.
3. This meant that he was out of the question, even though he waited for years to marry, he eventually gave up and married her cousin in 1578.
4. Other nobles were also jealous of their relationship.

Question 50

There were 3 main suitors for Elizabeth to marry? Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alençon? (3)

Answer 50

1. He seemed to be a good contender because Elizabeth seemed to get a long well with him.
2. She used to call him her “frog”.
3. William Cecil was in favour for the idea but others such as Dudley and Walsingham were strongly against it because he was from a Catholic country.

Question 51

What was the solution to the succession problem? (3)

Answer 51

1. Mary Queen of Scots has the strongest claim to succeed, however she was Catholic.
2. But after she was executed in 1587, her son who was Protestant was a great heir.
3. William Cecil was in favour for the succession. In 1601, Robert Cecil helped prepared James VI to become King. He then became King of England and Scotland - first time both had the same monarch.

Question 52

How did the Earl of Essex become an important figure at court? (2)

Answer 52

1. 1584 - Age 17 he went to the court of the first time and added glamour and was entertaining. He became one of Elizabeth’s favourite courtiers.
2. In 1596 - Age 29 He led a successful attack on the Spanish port of Cadiz. He destroyed many Spanish warships and returned to England a national hero.

Question 53

What political problems did Elizabeth have at the end of her reign?

Answer 53

1. She had gained the loyalty of many advisers, however by 1600 the most trusted and experienced advisors had died and younger men had replaced them and often fought amongst themselves. She no longer had as much control as before.

Question 54

What military problems did Elizabeth have at the end of her reign? (2)

Answer 54

1. England had been at war with Spain for a long time and large sums of money were spend helping fight against Spanish rule in the Netherlands.
2. She also had to send an army to Ireland after a rebellion started there.

Question 55

What economic problems did Elizabeth have at the end of her reign? (3)

Answer 55

1. Between 1594 and 1597 there were 4 terrible harvests. Food prices rose and there were widespread hunger.
2. Crime and poverty increased and there were riots.
3. At the same time of fighting a war with Spain meant that taxes increased too. This was very unpopular.

Question 56

Why did the Earl of Essex fall out with Elizabeth? (4)

Answer 56

1. He wanted to be Elizabeth’s main advisor, however when he was fighting the Spanish, Robert Cecil was made Secretary of State.
2. When he returned, he insulted the Queen and she punched him in the ear, he nearly drew his sword but stormed out the room. He was banned from court.
3. He was then sent to Ireland to put down a rebellion but he went against the Queen’s wishes and made peace with the Irish Rebels. He was banned form court again and she took away him government jobs.
4. She also refused to renew his monopoly for selling sweet wines.

Question 57

Who took part in the Essex rebellion and when did it happen? (2)

Answer 57

1. February 1601
2. Essex gathered 300 supporters of unemployed soldiers and nobles who were disappointed. His plan was to get rid of Robert Cecil and to replace him and his friends.

Question 58

What were the main events of the Essex Rebellion? (8)

Answer 58

1. 8 February 1601, Essex refused to appear before the Privy Council so 4 Privy Counsellors were sent to his house where they were arrested and imprisoned.
2. He then marched into the centre of London thinking people would join them but they didn’t.
3. Essex was declared a traitor but promised his supporters that if they left him that they would be pardoned and some did surrender.
4. Essex’ position was weakening so he thought he would use the hostages at home to influence the Queen.
5. The Privy Council sent soldiers to bock Essex’s rout back home, there was some fighting but he escaped through the River Thames by boat.
6. When he got home, he found that his hostages had been released, and the armed soldiers were surrounding his house.
7. He surrendered and the rebellion was over in just 12 hours.
8. He was then executed at the Tower of London on 25 February 1601.

Question 59

How did Chimneys improve living standards? (2)

Answer 59

1. Homes could now have proper roofs, not thatched roofs.
2. The houses could also be divided into upstairs and downstairs rooms.

Question 60

How did Glass Windows improve living standards? (2)

Answer 60

1. Replaced smaller windows with wooden shutters.
2. This meant homes could now be lighter and warmer.

Question 61

How did Diet improve living standards? (2)

Answer 61

1. Yoemen and their families usually ate well, although they could not afford the fine wines and huge feasts that the gentry enjoyed.
2. However, for those at the bottom if the social hierarchy, life could be very different.

Question 62

How did Poverty impact living standards? (2)

Answer 62

1. Many craftspeople, labourers or servants were forced into poverty by bad harvests, rising food prices and unemployment.
2. They struggled to pay their rent and buy food for their families.

Question 63

How did Bad Housing impact living standards? (3)

Answer 63

1. Labourers’ cottages were small and had no chimneys or glass windows.
2. Smoke could only escape through the thatched roof.
3. The small shuttered windows made it dark inside, and the floor was an earth floor.

Question 64

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Patronage?

Answer 64

1. Some gentry were given an important job in the government. If she didn’t like someone she would sideline them.

Question 65

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Politics?

Answer 65

1. The gentry dominated the House of Commons and helped to run local governments as Justices of the Peace. This gave them political power and influence.

Question 66

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Monasteries?

Answer 66

1. Henry had closed the monasteries and they had owned around 1/4 of land in England, and now this land was bought by gentry and rented out to farmers.

Question 67

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Industry?

Answer 67

1. Some could make more money from their land by rearing sheep to supply the cloth industry, or by mining coal or making iron.

Question 68

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Rising Prices?

Answer 68

1. Food prices were bad for the poor but they helped farmers make bigger profits.

Question 69

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Marriage?

Answer 69

1. Marrying into a richer family was one way of acquiring wealth.

Question 70

How did the gentry grow richer and more powerful in Elizabethan England? - Voyages of exploration and colonisation?

Answer 70

1. Some gentry invested in overseas voyages. Sir Francis Drake made a lot of money for those who invested in his expeditions.

Question 71

How did the gentry express their wealth and status? - Education? (3)

Answer 71

1. Number of children going to school increased during the Elizabethan period.
2. It was increasingly seen that university was needed if one wanted a career in court.
3. They would buy books and display them in libraries in their homes to show off.

Question 72

How did the gentry express their wealth and status? - Entertainment and feasting? (2)

Answer 72

1. Had banquets and went hunting and went to the theatre.
2. There would be feasts with a range of meats and fish and wines imported from France and Italy.

Question 73

How did the gentry express their wealth and status? - Fashion (2)

Answer 73

1. Women would wear white make up to whiten their face because not having a tanned face was a sign that they did not have to work outside.
2. There were laws passed to control what people wore, they could only wear clothes that reflected their social hierarchy.

Question 74

How did the gentry express their wealth and status? - Country Houses (2)

Answer 74

1. Build large houses made out brick and lots of glass windows to show off wealth.
2. The inside would be decorated with expensive tapestries and paintings. There would also be impressive fireplaces and large libraries.

Question 75

Why was London the Centre of Power? (2)

Answer 75

1. There was an increase in lawyers living in London.
2. Ambitious gentry, nobles, and merchants flocked to London because the Royal Court was based in London and people wanted patronage.

Question 76

Why was London the Centre of Entertainment? (2)

Answer 76

1. At the beginning of the Elizabethan Era there were no theatres in London, but by 1600, thousands of Londoners, rich and poor attended the theatre regularly.
2. Animal sports also took place there.

Question 77

Why was London the Centre of Trade? (3)

Answer 77

1. London became the most important docks in England.
2. In the 1590’s 93% of cloth exports went through London.
3. Many unemployed people from the countryside came to London because of all the job opportunities such as Sailors, shoemakers and dress makers.

Question 78

Why did the theatre become popular? - Clever Playwrights? (3)

Answer 78

1. The plays were entertaining.
2. The themes were relevant to the audience.
3. There was a variety of different performances that appealed to everyone’s tastes.

Question 79

Why were the first theatres established in London?

Answer 79

1. When Elizabeth became Queen, there were no theatres in London. People would also look down upon actors. However, by 1600 there were many and it was normal for most people to go there at lease once a week.
2. The main theatres were built outside the city walls in Southwark, because city authorities were concerned about the crowds of people.
3. Robert Dudley and Walsingham would protect actors and support the financially when they were treated like vagabonds.

Question 80

Why did the theatre become popular? - Court patronage? (2)

Answer 80

1. Members of the royal court thought that setting up theatres would bring them popularity, like Robert Dudley - Earl of Leicester’s men
2. Other members also did this in order to gain the patronage of the Queen, Lord Hunsdon set up the Lord Chamberlain’s Men which William Shakespeare was a leading member.

Question 81

Why did the theatre become popular? - The approval of the Queen and her government? (2)

Answer 81

1. Theatre gained the support of the queen and the royal court, they saw it as potential for propaganda.
2. Shakespeare’s play often contained messages that the gov. approved of -
   keeping the social hierarchy in place
   the triumph of good over evil

Question 82

Why did the theatre become popular? - A distraction of the poor?

Answer 82

1. Since many people were poor, the gov. thought that this would distract the poor and those who are suffering, decreasing the chances of a rebellion.

Question 83

Why did the theatre become popular? - Wealth?

Answer 83

1. People were willing to invest in theatres because of the profits they pull of because of the range of audiences, the rich and poor.

Question 84

What was it like visiting an Elizabethan theatre? (4)

Answer 84

1. There would be many people, who were eating and drinking.
2. The audience would interact with the actors by booing, cheering or even throwing stuff at them.
3. Women were not seen as suitable actors so young boys would take up the roles of women.
4. Performances would happen in daylight because there was no artificial light.

Question 85

Why was there opposition to the theatre? - Fear of disease? (3)

Answer 85

1. In the 1590’ an estimated 15,000 people visited London theatres each week.
2. There was the fear that diseases would spread with soo many people.
3. In 1593 because of the fear that the large crowds help would spread the bubonic plague, all theatres were closed.

Question 86

Why was there opposition to the theatre? - Fear of Crime? (2)

Answer 86

1. There was the fear that the poor would encourage crime and disorder.
2. In 1574, the Council of London banned plays within the city limits and by the 1590’s all theatres had moved south of the River Thames.

Question 87

Why was there opposition to the theatre? - Fear of plots or rebellions? (2)

Answer 87

1. The large crowds of poor people could riot or join together to rebel against the government.
2. Since the Earl of Essex had attended the play of Richard II before his unsuccessful rebellion the next day increased fears.

Question 88

Why was there opposition to the theatre? - Religious beliefs? (2)

Answer 88

1. Puritans believed that theatres were the work of the devil.
2. Puritans and other religious figures criticised the theatre for distracting people from religion.

Question 89

Why was the Globe Theatre built?

Answer 89

1. A puritan didn’t let James Burbage to renew his lease on the land so he built the Globe theatre on it as protest.

Question 90

What were the features of the Globe Theatre? (7)

Answer 90

1. Could hold almost 3000 spectators.
2. The most expensive seats were called the Lord’s Rooms, they were placed so everyone could see them.
3. The galleries were mainly for the gentry, Tickets cost 2-3 pennies, the thatched roof protected them from bad weather.
4. The pit was where poorer people stood to watch the plays, you would get wet if it rained. But it was cheap at a penny a ticket.
5. The stage included trapdoors and wall at the back where actors would make their entrances and exits.
6. The hut was above the stage and provided storage space and an area for special effects.
7. Behind the stage was the tiring house, where the actors put on their costumes and collected their props.

Question 91

What did the Nobles think about the poor?

Answer 91

1. The thought there were too many poor, and that even though they were supposed to help them out, they did not have enough money to help everyone.

Question 92

What did Puritans think about the poor?

Answer 92

1. They thought that people should work hard and that if they don’t they should be punished and it sets a bad example for others.

Question 93

What do members of the gentry think about the poor? (2)

Answer 93

1. They fear the growing number of poor people.
2. They agree with Thomas Harman’s book about how poor people are dangerous.

Question 94

What does a Justice of the Peace think about the poor? (2)

Answer 94

1. They have to keep law and order but some beggars commit crimes and robe people and break into houses.
2. The feel that they are a threat to their power because they do not listen to them.

Question 95

What do Privy Counsellors think about the poor? (2)

Answer 95

1. They are worried about rebellion because Elizabeth does not have a permanent army.
2. Enemies of the Queen might persuade poor people to join a rebellion against her. Making them more dangerous to the government.

Question 96

Why did Bad Harvests lead to an increase in poverty?

Answer 96

1. Caused food shortages meaning food prices increased and so some could not afford food and starved.

Question 97

Why did the collapse in the cloth trade lead to an increase in poverty? (3)

Answer 97

1. Many weavers and spinners lost their jobs.
2. The cloth trade was England’s main industry.
3. It was a boom industry for the first half of the century, but in the 1550’s just before Elizabeth became Queen, demand fell.

Question 98

Why did the rising population lead to and increase in poverty? (2)

Answer 98

1. More people were looking for work.
2. But because of fewer jobs available in farming and the cloth trade, unemployment increased.

Question 99

Why did the changes in farming lead to an increase in poverty? (2)

Answer 99

1. Some farmers switched from growing crops to keeping sheep because wool was in high demand.
2. They enclosed land with hedges, sheep farming did not need so many labourers and reduced the number of jobs available in farming.

Question 100

Why did the closure of the monasteries lead to an increase in poverty? (2)

Answer 100

1. Many poor people were left helpless.
2. The monasteries used to help poor people by providing food and shelter in times of hardship.

Question 101

Why did low wages combined with high prices lead to an increase in poverty? (2)

Answer 101

1. With an increasing population and more workers looking for jobs, employers could pay low wages.
2. Workers on low wages struggles to afford the rising food prices.

Question 102

Who were the impotent poor and how did Elizabethans think they should be treated? (2)

Answer 102

1. They were helpless poor, who were too young, too old or too sick for work.
2. They should be cared for and given food and a home or place to stay.

Question 103

Who were the able bodies poor and how did Elizabethans think they should be treated? (2)

Answer 103

1. People who wanted to work but had become unemployed.
2. They were expected to work but help could be given to find them a job.

Question 104

Who were the idle poor and how did Elizabethans think they should be treated? (2)

Answer 104

1. Vagabonds, beggars and people who were able to work but chose not to.
2. They were treated harshly - they could be whipped or forced to work in a House of Correction.

Question 105

Examples of Government action? (4)
(Hint - Acts passed - How would them be treated)

Answer 105

1. Vagabonds Act, 1572 - Any Vagabonds 14+ would be punished, and if they continued to offend they would eventually be executed if they continued.
2. Act for the Relief of the Poor, 1576 - JP’s would direct the able bodied poor to find work but those who refused would be take to a House of Correction.
3. Act for the Relief of the Poor, 1598 - the impotent poor were taken care of in almshouses. Overseers of the poor would collect money form everyone to help the poor. Apprenticeships were provided for the poor to teach them a trade.
4. Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds, 1598 - Vagabonds were to be whipped before be returned to their parishes.

Question 106

What was the Elizabethan Poor Law? (4)

Answer 106

1. Happened in 1601 where all laws were reviewed when parliament met in 1601.
2. It lasted for over 200 years.
3. It helped people realise that it was the governments responsibility to help the poor and support of the poor should be paid for by taxing those who work.
4. However, it did not fix the root and causes of poverty, but it still helped thousands of people.

Question 107

What were the reasons for exploration and colonisation? - Rivalry with Spain? (3)

Answer 107

1. Spain was Catholic and England was Protestant
2. The English were encouraged to raid Spanish ships and steal their gold and silver, in hopes to gain financially and to weaken their enemy.
3. The Spanish had gained a lot of money from the New World (mainly Mexico and Peru)

Question 108

What were the reasons for exploration and colonisation? - Spreading Protestantism? (2)

Answer 108

1. Elizabethans felt it was their duty to spread Protestantism.
2. Elizabethan sailors such as Walter Raleigh believed that Native Americans could benefit from following their religions and the way of life that existed in Elizabethan England.

Question 109

What were the reasons for exploration and colonisation? - Investors and profits? (2)

Answer 109

1. English nobles and even the Queen herself invested in overseas voyages as a way of making money.
2. In 1572 Drake brought back 20,000 pounds which is equivalent to 30 million today was shared with investors.

Question 110

What were the reasons for exploration and colonisation? - Adventure? (2)

Answer 110

1. Books presented sailors such as Drake as dashing heroes. They told the tales of the great adventures of English Sailors.
2. The invention of the printing press enabled books to reach a wider audience.

Question 111

What were the reasons for exploration and colonisation? - The collapse of the wool and cloth trade to Europe? (2)

Answer 111

1. Demand for English wool and cloth dropped in Europe.
2. English merchants looked for new markets in which to sell their good, and English sailors began to explore new places that they could trade with.

Question 112

What were the reasons for exploration and colonisation? - English seamen were well trained and well led? (2)

Answer 112

1. Most had grown up working on the coast and had worked as merchant seamen.
2. Experiences captains such as Drake and Hawkins were successful in leading voyages and they inspired great loyalty and affection from their crews, who were prepared to follow them anywhere.

Question 113

What were Drakes aims and motives for his circumnavigation of the world? (5)

Answer 113

1. Glory - He wanted to impress the Queen, he thought he could find new lands to claim for the Queen which would help make England more powerful.
2. Revenge - Wanted revenge for Spanish attack on Hawkins’ fleet in 1568 and planned to attack Spanish colonies.
3. Religion - He was a puritan and wanted to weaken the greatest Catholic power in Europe.
4. Money - Wanted to make money from the Spanish for himself and to reward courtiers who had invested.
5. Trade - Wanted to find better trade routs and new markets. Several merchants helped to finance Drake’s voyage.

Question 114

What were the consequences of Drake’s voyage? (5)

Answer 114

1. Glory - He was a national hero and was knighted and was the first Englishman to sail around the world.
2. Revenge - Drake challenged Spain’s dominance of America. His success encouraged other sailors to do the same.
3. Religion - Phillip II supported Catholic plots against the Queen, Drake weakened Spain and helped reduce the threat of Catholic takeover.
4. Money - He brought back gold, silver and jewels worth around 140,000 pounds about 200 million today. Half went to the queen and was more than her entire income in a year.
5. Trade - Drake claimed new lands for England, better trading contacts with the Spice islands.

Question 115

What was Drakes route and experience like in his circumnavigation of the world? (8)
(Hint - Location, Time and Action)

Answer 115

1. December 1577 - Set sail with 5 ships and 170 men and he sailed down the west coast of Africa where he attacked Spanish and Portuguese ships.
2. Spring - Summer - 1578 - He then sailed down the coast of Brazil. There were many fights on the ship where Sir Thomas Doughty was executed due to mutiny. Then used 3 ships from then onwards.
3. September 1578 - January 1579 - Landed in the island of Mocha after suffering form storms for a month where he was attacked by inhabitants and was injured in the head.
4. February 1579 - Attacked Spanish colonies along the coast of Peru and they took gold, Spanish coins, silver, silks and supplies of wine.
5. March 1579 - Near the coast of Ecuador where he attacked the Cacafuego and gained a lot of gold.
6. June 1579 - he landed in California and claimed if for Queen Elizabeth naming it Nova Albion.
7. November 1579 - After landing in Ternate he traded spices like clover, cloves and ginger.
8. January - September 1580 - Past the Cape of Good Hope he finally arrived back home.

Question 116

What were some Trading companies that were set up by English Sailors? (2)

Answer 116

1. The East India Company - 1600, trade in spice, cotton, silks and tea. Trade in spices such as cloves, peppers and nutmeg.
2. The Eastland Company - 1579, trade in timber, tar and rope with Scandinavia.

Question 117

How were voyages made possible? - Navigation? (4)

Answer 117

1. Better maps and sea charts made it easier for sailors to navigate using latitude and longitude.
2. The printing press meant maps were available in large numbers.
3. The development of the magnetic compass improved navigation and was particularly useful for measuring longitude.
4. The astrolabe allowed sailors to work out their latitude by measuring ht angle between the horizon and the north star. Ship positions were easier to plot.

Question 118

How were voyages made possible? - Ship Design? (3)

Answer 118

1. Improved sails led to heavier goods being able to be transported faster because of triangular sails that could be easily turned to catch the strong winds of the open seas.
2. Improved rudders gave the crew more control in steering.
3. Ships could be fitted with the latest artillery, including the more rapid firing guns. English sailors could target Spanish treasure ships.

Question 119

What was Raleigh’s relationship with Elizabeth? (3)

Answer 119

1. He was very loyal to Elizabeth.
2. During the 1580’s, he persuaded Elizabeth to agree to an expedition to the coast of North America which he would name Virginia in her honour.
3. However, he married Elizabeth’s maid of honour in secret and had a child and they were banned form court.

Question 120

Why did Raliegh try to build a in North America? (5)

Answer 120

1. Must stop rival Catholic countries such as Spain and France from settling there. Chance to spread Protestantism.
2. Need a military base from where English forces can raid Spanish colonies and treasure ships.
3. Can increase England’s power by taking over more territory and gaining respect from other countries.
4. England’s population was growing so people needed to emigrate to North America for a better life for the poor.
5. Need new trade links for oil, wine and sugar. Ralegh said the area is home to friendly civilised Native Americans and had fertile land.,

Question 121

What were the consequence of Raleigh’s expeditions? (4)

Answer 121

1. In 1596 Raleigh published a book about his expedition which encouraged other sailors to build and English empire overseas.
2. They increased knowledge of North America.
3. Merchants saw opportunities to build trade links with North America.
4. They laid the foundations for the colonisation of America by English colonists in the 16th century.

Question 122

Who replaced Raleigh on the the first expedition to North America?

Answer 122

Sir Richard Grenville and Ralph Lane because Elizabeth didn’t let Raleigh leave the royal court.

Question 123

Why had the attempt to make a colony in 1585 fail? - Storms?

Answer 123

1. 7 Ships carrying 600 sailors, soldiers and colonists. But crossing was difficult because after just 5 days the fleet was scattered by a fierce storm. Only Grenville’s ships sailed on.

Question 124

Why had the attempt to make a colony in 1585 fail? - Sandbanks?

Answer 124

1. Ships got stuck in sandbanks on arrival just as a storm approached. Colonists lost almost all supplies.

Question 125

Why had the attempt to make a colony in 1585 fail? - Settlement?

Answer 125

1. Grenville returned to England to get more colonists and supplies while Lane stayed behind with just over 100 men to build a fort and colony.

Question 126

Why had the attempt to make a colony in 1585 fail? - Starvation?

Answer 126

1. Initially, relationship with the native Americans was good. They would provide them with food, but during winter when they were running out of food, Lane heard that they were going to attack so they attacked first.

Question 127

Why had the attempt to make a colony in 1585 fail? - Escape or rescue?

Answer 127

1. English feared a revenge attack and their food supplies were running low so they were forced to be rescued by Francis Drake who had just arrived from the Carrbbean.

Question 128

Who lead the second attempt to make a colony in North America?

Answer 128

Led by John White

Question 129

Why was the attempt to make a colony in 1587 fail? (4)

Answer 129

1. There were stops so the colonists were dropped off at Roanoke Island.
2. The Native Americans were suspicious of the colonists because of the attack in 1585.
3. White had to return home for supplies but was injured by French pirates.
4. When in England all ships were needed against the attack from the Spanish Armada.

Question 130

What happened to the colonists that were left in North America? (4)

Answer 130

1. White returned to Roanoke in 1890 where he found no one. His daughter Eleanor, her husband and young granddaughter were among the colonists he had dropped off in 1587.
2. There were clues that hinted to where they were but nothing happened.
3. The english colonists may have been attacked and killed by local people.
4. The colonists could have starved, because of the lack of supplies, the local people could have been unwilling to share food during the winter months.

Question 131

People disagreed about who should be head of the Church - What did the 1. Catholics, 2. Protestants and 3. Puritans believe and what was 4. Elizabeths Solution?

Answer 131

1. Catholics believed that the Pope should be head of the Church. Cardinals, archbishops and bishops would help govern.
2. Monarch should be the head of the Church. Archbishops and bishops would help govern.
3. They did believe in a head of the Church or bishops, wanted committees elected by churchgoers to make the rules.
4. Act of Supremacy, 1559 - Elizabeth was the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Question 132

People disagreed about if the Bible and Church services should be in Latin or English - What did the 1. Catholic, 2. Protestants and 3. Puritans believe and what was 4. Elizabeths Solution?

Answer 132

1. Wanted Latin
2. English so everyone could read.
3. English, minister dressed in plain black robes.
4. Act of Uniformity, 1559 - All worship should be the same uniform. Each week everyone had to attend a church service that followed the Book of Common Prayer in English. If not they had to pay a fine. Priests had to wear religious robes.

Question 133

People disagreed about what Churches should look like - What did the 1. Catholic, 2. Protestants and 3. Puritans believe and what was 4. Elizabeths Solution?

Answer 133

1. Filled with decorations such as stained glass, windows, huge altars, statues and pictures.
2. Expensive churches went against Jesus’ teachings. No catholic decorations.
3. Simple churches, white washed walls, no stained glass windows and plain tables instead of altars.
4. Kept decoration and ornaments in churches. Th puritans did not get their wish for simple looking churches.

Question 134

What were Elizabeth’s aims in terms of religion? (4)

Answer 134

1. She didn’t want the Pope controlling religion in England.
2. She wanted to unite the country.
3. She did not want people with different beliefs to be punished.
4. She did not want to force religion immediately, but to let Catholicism in England to die out slowly.

Question 135

How was Elizabeth’s religious settlement a cause for the Northern Rebellion? (2)

Answer 135

1. Rebels wanted to restore the Catholic faith.
2. They believed that Elizabeth’s ‘evil’ Privy Counsellors had persuaded Elizabeth to change the Church from Catholic to Protestant.

Question 136

Causes of the Northern Rebellion - The Earls felt they had lost influence at the royal court?

Answer 136

1. Elizabeth had taken land away from the Earls. Northumberland had lost valuable copper mines.

Question 137

Causes of the Northern Rebellion - Elizabeth’s treatment of Mary Queen of Scots? (2)

Answer 137

1. Elizabeth had placed her Catholic cousin under arrest when she arrived in England.
2. The rebels thought this was unfair.

Question 138

Causes of the Northern Rebellion - Support from abroad?

Answer 138

1. Philip II of Spain and the Pope appeared to be willing to support the rebellion.

Question 139

Causes of the Northern Rebellion - The Earls believed that Elizabeth’s counsellors had too much influence?

Answer 139

1. Particularly William Cecil. They blamed Cecil for their loss of political power.

Question 140

What happened during the Northern Rebellion? (7) (Hint - Number involved, location)

Answer 140

1. 5000 rebels gathered at Brancepeth Castle.
2. They marched to Durham and took over the city and had Catholic Mass at the Cathedral.
3. They then captured Barnard Castle and the port of Hartlepool where they were promised Spanish forces which never came.
4. They asked Catholic nobles in Lancashire and Cheshire for help but they refused.
5. York and Pontefract remained in government control.
6. The Duke of Sussex led 10,000 soldiers northwards causing the rebels to panic and retreat across the River Tees and into Scotland.
7. Northumberland was handed over by the Scots and was beheaded in York in 1572. Westmorland escaped abroad. A total 450 other rebels were executed.

Question 141

What were the consequences of the rebellion? (4)

Answer 141

1. 700 rebels ordered to be executed but more like 450 were actually killed,
2. Privy Council wanted Duke of Norfolk executed, but was put in Tower of London and was released after 9 months.
3. Elizabeth strengthened her control of the north by confiscating land belonging to the rebels.
4. The government enforced laws more and stricter laws were introduced against Catholics.

Question 142

As a result of Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement, how did Catholic react?

Answer 142

1. Conformers - Some just chose to become protestant.
2. Church papists - Catholics attended Protestant services and were allowed to attend court.
3. Recusants - Several thousands Catholics refused to attend Protestant church services, and the number started to rise during the 1580’s and fines were high.
4. Plotters - A small number revolted, they thought it was their Duty to God and the Pope to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots.

Question 143

When was Elizabeth excommunicated and what did this mean? (3)

Answer 143

1. In February 1570 Pope Pius V issued a papal bull (decree) of excommunication against Elizabeth.
2. This meant that all English Catholics no longer had to obey Elizabeth..
3. This also led to the arrival of enthusiastic, young missionaries from Europe, determined to spread Catholicism in England.

Question 144

What was the impact of the arrival of Catholic missionaries? (4)

Answer 144

1. Catholic priests secretly arrived from France and were there to help support Catholics.
2. Jesuit missionaries were there to help persuade people to either to become Catholics or to show a stronger Catholic faith. They wanted to gain the influence of rich families.
3. From 1580 Jesuits were smuggled into rich families where they were put in small hiding places called ‘priest holes’.
4. From 1580 there was an increase in the number of recusants. Plots also increased.

Question 145

What was the Ridolfi Plot (1571)? (4)
(Hint - Who asked who for what? How did the plan fail?)

Answer 145

1. Roberto Ridolfi was an Italian banker used by Mary Queen of Scots to carry messages to the Pope and Philip II of Spain.
2. Mary and Duke of Norfolk wanted to join forces with Pope and Spain to organise invasion of England. Ridolfi thought this could happend by the arrival of 6000 Spanish troops joined by the English Catholics. And then Mary would become Queen and marry the Duke of Norfolk.
3. Ridolfi met with Duke of Alva, the commander of the Spanish armies in the Netherlands but he was wary of leading an invasion and suggested to do so after Elizabeth was overthrown.
4. A coded document outlining the plan was uncovered and Norfolk was executed but Mary was not executed because Elizabeth refused.

Question 146

What was the Throckmorton Plot (1583)? (4) (Hint - Who did what and why did it fail?)

Answer 146

1. Planned for Mary Queen of Scots to become Queen of England and restore Catholicism.
2. Francis Throckmorton was a young English Catholic who carried letters between Mary and French and Spanish ambassadors and was in contact with English Catholic nobility.
3. He was put under surveillance and then he house was searched, papers were found that showed that him and Catholic nobles were planning an uprising to happen in the north at the same time as a invasion led by the French duke of Guise, with financial support form Spain and the Pope.
4. He claimed that money was promised from Spain but never came, he stated that Mary Queen of Scots was fully aware of plot but then he withdrew this claim, saying that he made it under torture.

Question 147

What was the Babington Plot (1586)? (5) (Hint - Who did what? Why did it fail?)

Answer 147

1. Anthony Babington was another young Catholic who carried letters for Mary Queen of Scots.
2. He was encouraged to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary.
3. A Catholic priest was behind plot but was bas being watched by government.
4. Double agents were placed in Mary’s house where they intercepted all letters sent in beer barrels which were sent to Walsingham, including one in which Mary agreed to the assassination of Elizabeth.
5. Those involved were executed in September 1586. Mary was executed in February 1587 after Elizabeth eventually was persuaded to sign her death warrant.

Question 148

As a consequence of the Catholic Plots, what stricter controls were placed on Catholics? (8) (Remember minimum 4)

Answer 148

1. Anyone who claimed Elizabeth was not the rightful queen was a traitor.
2. Fine for not attending Protestant church was raised to 20 pound.
3. Recusants who refused to pay were imprisoned.
4. 2/3 of the land of any recusant who had fallen behind on paying fines were taken.
5. In 1585, Catholic priests and Jesuits were given 40 days to leave England, if they did not they would be tried for treason and would be executed.
6. Anyone who offered shelter to a Catholic priest faced the death penalty.
7. Catholics over the age of 16 had to stay within 5 miles of their home at all times.
8. Catholics were banned from holding large gatherings.

Question 149

How would Catholics be punished?

Answer 149

1. Some were executed, Elizabeth executed at least 200 during her reign.
2. Some were hanged, taken down and cut open while still conscious. Their internal organs were then taken out and burned in front of a large crowd.

Question 150

What Puritan opposition did Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement have? (2)

Answer 150

1. They did not think the policies did not go far enough to remove Catholic influences from the new Protestant Church.
2. However, Elizabeth did like some Catholic aspects of Church, such as decorations.

Question 151

How dangerous was the Puritan opposition? (2)

Answer 151

1. When some Puritans published pamphlets complaining about the Church and the bishops they lost a lot of support.
2. However, they did think that Elizabeth was a better Queen than the next in line, Mary Queen of Scots so didn’t lead any rebellions or violent protests, or try to help a foreign power invade England.

Question 152

How did Elizabeth respond to Puritan opposition? (4) (Hint - 2 Examples)

Answer 152

1. She would deal with them very harshly.
2. MPs were no longer allowed to discuss religious matters in Parliament without her permission, any who challenged her were imprisoned.
3. Puritan printing presses were destroyed, a Puritan called John Stubbs had his hand cut off for writing a pamphlet criticising Elizabeth for considering marriage to French Catholic.
4. When the Archbishop of Canterbury refused to close down Puritan prayer meetings, Elizabeth placed him under house arrest until his death. The new Archbishop expelled 200 Puritan priests for disobeying the roles of the Church.

Question 153

What problems did Mary Queen of Scots cause for Elizabeth? (7)

Answer 153

1. Mary was Catholic so even though she has the strongest claim to the English throne, she will turn England back to Catholicism.
2. If Mary can be overthrown, it could happen to other female rulers, like Elizabeth.
3. Mary had been accused of murdering her own husband and the Pricy Counsellors want the murder investigated.
4. Scotland is not Protestant, so there is an opportunity to build a good relationship with Scotland, but if Mary return there it could start a civil war.
5. Mary’s arrival had given English Catholics hope, causing plots and rebellions to happen.
6. Parliament did not trust Mary, some believe she should be executed.
7. There could be a threat form France and Spain, these Catholic countries would have liked to see Elizabeth ovethrown.

Question 154

Why did Elizabeth keep Mary imprisoned? (3)

Answer 154

1. Mary was a potential heir to the throne and Mary was a Catholic while England was firmly Protestant.
2. Leaving Mary free could be dangerous, because Catholic plotters might group around her. They didn’t believe that Elizabeth was legitimate.
3. Helping Mary win back the Scottish throne would involve a costly war which wasn’t certain of success.

Question 155

What was Elizabeth’s reaction to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots? (2)

Answer 155

1. She was furious because she did not want the warrant to be sealed and sent to Fotheringhay.
2. She banned William Cecil from the royal court because of going against what she wanted.

Question 156

What was England’s reaction to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots?

Answer 156

1. Elizabeth thought it would cause Catholic uprisings, however there were none after that.

Question 157

What was the reaction to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots abroad? (3)

Answer 157

1. The Spanish were furious, however they were already planning the Spanish Armada so were going to take action.
2. Some of the French wanted revenge but their King did not want civil war that could start.
3. James VI King of Scotland was angry but Elizabeth placed the blame or her secretary and members of her Privy Council.

Question 158

Why did a rebellion in the Netherlands cause tension? (2)

Answer 158

1. A protestant rebellion was crushed brutally by the Spanish Army.
2. This impacted cloth trade between England and Antwerp. Phillip knew this and in the 1560’s twice, he banned English traders from Antwerp.

Question 159

How did conflict between England and Spain increase tension? (3)

Answer 159

1. The English sent money to help the Dutch rebels and allowed their ships to dock in English Ports and allowed English sailors to attack Spanish ships carrying supplies to the Netherlands.
2. In 1584, a Catholic shot killed Prince William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch rebels. This event led to in 1885 to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch with the Dutch rebels and sent 7,000 soldiers under the command of Robert Dudley to the Netherlands.
3. However, Philip II saw this as an act of war against Spain.

Question 160

How did the threat of Philip assembling a huge armada increase tension? (3)

Answer 160

1. In 1585, Drake attacked towns controlled by Spain in the Caribbean and returned with treasure worth 30,000.
2. This angered Philip, along with the English troops in the Netherlands, so he started assembling an armada.
3. Elizabeth strengthened England’s defences. Each country was ordered to provide soldiers to defend the coast. Merchant ships that had been used for trade were converted into fighting ships. Warning beacons were set up around the coast. Lookouts watched for the arrival of the Spanish boats.

Question 161

How did 1. English Leadership compare to 2. Spanish Leadership during the Spanish Armada?

Answer 161

1. Lord Howard was a noble who had little experience of fighting at sea. However, his vice-admirals, Drake and Hawkins, were both very experienced.
2. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was brave and a good organiser but had little experience of sailing. However, his commanders were experienced sea captains. He was placed in charge of the Armada in February 1588, when the original commander died.

Question 162

How did 1. English Tactics compare to 2. Spanish Tactics during the Spanish Armada?

Answer 162

1. The Aim was to destroy enemy ships at a distance by firing cannons.
   The English had more long range guns than the Armada so could keep a good distance and prevent the Spanish from using their favourite tactic of boarding their opponent’s ships.
2. Sail to Netherlands, meet up with the Duke of Parma - Philip’s best general and protect Parma’s 27,000 troops as they crossed the Channel on barges and land in Kent and march to London. When fighting at sea they would get close to the enemy, fire one round of cannon and ram into them and board their ship and take over.

Question 163

How did 1. English Resources compare to 2. Spanish Resources during the Spanish Armada? (Hint - Income, No. of Ships, No. of Soldiers)

Answer 163

1. Annual income was around 300,000. There were 54 battleships which were strong, light and fast. Another 140 merchant ships were converted into battleships. Total 200.
   There wee 14,000 English mostly experienced sailors.
   There were about 20,000 soldiers, most had little training and few weapons in England but she did not have enough money to train them and have a professional army.
2. Annual income was 3 mil. Armada made up of 130 ships with 2500 guns. 64 were battleships while others carried supplies, but these ships were slow, heavy and difficult to handle in rough seas.
   Roughly 30,000 men on board ships, 8000, 19,000 well trained soldiers and nearly 3000 servants.
   Another 27,000 experienced soldiers, led by the Duke of Parma were waiting in the Netherlands.

Question 164

How did 1. English Technology and Weapons compare to 2. Spanish Technology and Weapons? (Hint - Guns, Ships)

Answer 164

1. English ships were faster, lighter and easier to manoeuvre. 24 newly designed ‘race - built’ warships - probably best in the world. Same size and Spanish ships but longer range guns. Nearly 2000 cannons and smaller guns. 497 long - range guns and 251 medium range guns.
2. 2400 guns, most could fire heavy cannons over a short distance. 172 long range guns and 165 medium range guns. 125,000 cannon balls but were not able to fire fast enough.They were only able to fire 1 or 2 rounds a day. The ammunition was badly made, sometimes they wouldn’t work and the ships were not very manoeuvrable.

Question 165

After hearing about Philip’s plan to invade England, how did Elizabeth react?

Answer 165

1. In April 1587, Francis Drake carried out a daring attack on the Spanish port of Cadiz. He destroyed 24 ships and many supplies.

Question 166

When did the Spanish finally attack? - Spanish Armada

Answer 166

1. 29 July 1588, The Spanish fleet sailed into the English Channel in a crescent formation. The English fleet chased after them and only made the Spanish lose 3 ships.

Question 167

What happened when the Armada reached Calais on 6 August? (3) (Hint - Fire)

Answer 167

1. Duke Parma sent a messages to Medina Sidonia saying they were only 50km away but were being attacked by the Dutch and that they would arrive in a week.
2. Lord Howard sent 8 unmanned ships with tar, gunpowder and other inflammable materials. And shortly after midnight on 7 August these ships were set alight and let loose to drift into Calais harbour.
3. The Spanish sailors panicked and sailed for the protection of the harbour. The Spanish fleet was scattered and blown by strong winds toward sandbanks off the coast of the Netherlands.

Question 168

What was The Battle of Gravelines? (4) (Hint - Casualties, When, What)

Answer 168

1. On 8 August 1588, Lord Howard attacked the Spanish in rough seas for 9 hours with the wind and currents in their favour.
2. The English ships reloaded quicker and did not get too close to be grappled by the Spanish, but close enough to inflict a lot of damage.
3. 1000 Spanish sailors were killed and 800 were wounded, but only 50 English sailors were killed.
4. The Battle ended when the English Fleet ran out of ammunition.

Question 169

After the Battle of Gravelines, what happened to the Spanish Ships? (3) (Hint - Location, What did Elizabeth do?)

Answer 169

1. On 9 August, the wind changed direction making it impossible for the Spanish to fight their way back into the English Channel so they were forced into the North Sea.
2. They English chased after them for 2 days until they started to run out of food and ammunition.
3. Elizabeth and her government still feared the attack of Duke of Parma and Elizabeth travelled to Tilbury in Essex where 4000 soldiers were guarding the coast.

Question 170

What happened to the Spanish ships after heading into the North Sea? (4)

Answer 170

1. September - October, the ships sailed around Scotland and Ireland where they were unfamiliar with and did not have accurate maps, storms and gales battered them to shore.
2. Many men became sick after drinking polluted water and rotten food.
3. Strong winds drove many Spanish ships on to the rocks off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland where thousands of sailors drowned or were killed by the local population.
4. Spanish lost over 50 ships, most of which were destroyed on this journey around Scotland and Ireland. 5 Ships were captured or sunk by the English Navy. Only 80 ships made it back to Spain. A total of 20,000 Spanish sailors and soldiers were killed.

Question 171

What was the impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada on the sailors? (2)

Answer 171

1. Only 80 ships made it back to Spain and 20,000 men were lost.
2. Thousands of English soldiers also died. They were kept of their ships for weeks after the Battle of Gravelines because Elizabeth could not afford to pay them. Many died of hunger, or disease in filthy overcrowded conditions. Many did not get to celebrate the famous victory over the Spanish Armada.

Question 172

What was the impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada on the Netherlands? (2) (Hint - North, South)

Answer 172

1. The Northern part of the Netherlands became independent which benefited English trade and helped to make England more secure from invasion.
2. The southern area of the Netherlands remained in Spanish control.

Question 173

What was the impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada on Philip’s invasion plans? (3)

Answer 173

1. Philip did not give up, He sent two more armadas in 1596 and 1597, luckily both were wrecked by storms.
2. In 1601, a Spanish army did land in Ireland, in support for Catholic rebels, the Spanish hoped to create a bade there for future invasion of England, but the Spanish army was defeated and the Irish rebellion ended in 1603.
3. After Elizabeth’s death the war with Spain finally ended. In 1604, the Treaty of London ended the war between England and Spain that had lasted for almost 20 years.

Question 174

What was the impact of the defeat of the Spanish Armada on England? (3) (Hint - Catholics, Public, Propaganda)

Answer 174

1. The war changed attitudes to English Catholics, strict laws were introduced against them, they were treated with suspicion and seen as dangerous people who were a real threat to the safety of the English Monarchy.
2. They war put a lot of pressure on the English economy, increasing taxes and causing inflation and hardship for the poor.
3. However, the Armada was a huge propaganda boost for Elizabeth and it raised moral in the country. The role the wind played was taken as a sign of God’s approval of Protestantism in England.