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Science > Earth Science Test 1 (April 22) > Flashcards

Earth Science Test 1 (April 22) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atoms are…

A

ancient (most go back to birth of universe) and empty space

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2
Q

Elements are heavier than ________ `

A

Hydrogen

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3
Q

Do things go through atoms?

A

No`

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4
Q

Material made up of only 1 kind of atom. (Pure gold because its made of only gold atoms)

A

Element

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5
Q

Atom

A

The fundamental unit of an element

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6
Q

“Element” is used when referring to what?

A

Macroscopic Quantities

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7
Q

“Atom: is used when discussing what?

A

Elements

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8
Q

Atoms make up all ______ around us

A

Matter

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9
Q

There are ____ distinct kinds of atoms

A

115

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10
Q

How many atoms are found in nature?

A

90

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11
Q

Carry a positive charge - same quantity of charge as electrons

A

Proton

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12
Q

Protons are about ______ times as massive as an electron

A

1800

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13
Q

Protons have the same amount of protons in the nucleus as _______

A

Electrons

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14
Q

Protons surround the what of an electrically neutral atom

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

identical, repel electrons of neighboring atoms, have electrical negative

A

Electrons

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16
Q

Atomic Number

A

of protons in each element listed in the periodic table (Top # of periodic table)

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17
Q

Accompany protons in nucleus, have about the same mass as protons but no charge, so are electrically neutral

A

Neutrons

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18
Q

Both protons and neutrons are WHAT??

A

NUCLEONS

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19
Q

Refers to atoms of the same element that contain the same # of protons but different # of neutrons in nucleus

A

Isotopes

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20
Q

The presence of ________ helps hold the _______ together

A

neutrons, nucleus

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21
Q

The strong nuclear force

A

is a very distance sensitive attraction between nucleons

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22
Q

Results from radioactive decay, which is the process whereby unstable atomic nuclei transform

A

Radioactivity

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23
Q

Radiation we encounter

A

Natural radition that originates from the Earth and space (cosmic rays from sun and stars)

24
Q

High-energy particles, high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (Gamma Rays)

A

Cosmic Rays

25
Q

Types of Radiation

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

26
Q

Carries positive electrical charge (eject particles in order to become more stable)

A

Alpha

27
Q

Carries negative electrical charge (eject particles in order to become more stable)

A

Beta

28
Q

Carries no charge (eject particles in order to become more stable)

A

Gamma

29
Q

Consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, loses energy quickly during interaction, can be stopped easily by a few pieces of paper due to large mass and double positive charge, can cause significant damage, pick up electrons & becomes harmless helium while traveling through air , deflected in the presence of magnetic or electric field

A

Alpha more in depth

30
Q

an ejected electron from a neutron, has both smaller mass and electric charge than an alpha particle, move faster, loses energy at a slower rate in air and travels further before stopping

A

Beta More in depth

31
Q

High-frequency electro magnetic radiation, emitted when a nucleus in an excited state moves to a lower state

A

Gamma more in depth

32
Q

Natural Alpha emission from a nucleus, mass # decreases by 4 atomic # decreases by 2

A

Natural Transmutation

33
Q

Half-Life

A

Rate of decay for a radioactive isotope, the time required for 1/2 of an original quantity of element to decay, is constant and independent of any physical of chemical charge the atom may undergo

34
Q

The assumption that earths geology is the result of slow processes over long periods of time, assumes that natural law (gravity)have been constant throughout geologic history

A

Uniformitarianism

35
Q

Relative age, the ordering of rocks in sequence by comparative age

A

Relative dating

36
Q

Absolute/actual age of rock determined in a lab

A

Radiometric dating

37
Q

New layers of sediment are horizontally laid down over old layers

A

Original horizontally

38
Q

In underformed sequences of rock, top layers are younger than bottom layers

A

Superposition

39
Q

A fault or intrusion that cuts into a rock younger than the rock as it cuts through

A

Cross-cutting

40
Q

Any inclusion is older than the rock containing it

A

Inclusion

41
Q

Allows us to date separated rock outcrops from similar characteristics

A

Faunal succession

42
Q

They are naturally occurring (formed naturally rather than manufactured).
They are crystalline solids.
They have an orderly and repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, and/or molecules.
They have a specific chemical composition, with slight variations.
They are generally inorganic.

A

Minerals

43
Q

Crystal form—crystal shape—is the outward expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms.

A

Mineral Properties: Crystal Form

44
Q

Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to scratching.

A

Mineral Properties: Hardness

45
Q

Cleavage is the property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness.

A

Mineral Properties: Cleavage

45
Q

Fracture occurs in minerals where bond strength is generally the same in all directions.

A

Mineral Properties: Fracture

45
Q

Color is an obvious feature for many minerals, but it is not reliable for mineral identification.
Chemical impurities can change a mineral’s color.
A mineral may occur in many color variations or be colorless.

A

Mineral Properties: Color

46
Q

Density is the ratio of a mineral’s mass to its volume.

In simple terms, it is how heavy a mineral feels for its size (volume).

Specific Gravity – Density of material compared to water.

A

Mineral Properties: Density

46
Q

Silicate minerals
Nonsilicate minerals

Silicate minerals make up more than 90% of the Earth’s crust.

A

There are two classifications of minerals:

47
Q

Ferromagnesian silicates
Nonferromagnesian silicates

A

The Silicates are divided into two groups:

48
Q

Ferromagnesian silicates

A

Contain iron and/or magnesium
Tend to have high density and are darkly colored

49
Q

Nonferromagnesian silicates

A

No iron or magnesium
Tend to have low density and are light in color

50
Q

Formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava

A

Igneous

51
Q

Formed from preexisting rocks subjected to weathering and erosion

A

Sedimentary

52
Q
A

Science (3 decks)

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