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Human Biology Unit 2 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

A molecule in the nucleus of a cell that determines the types of protein a cell can make.

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

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3
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Double helix.

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4
Q

What is a gene and what does it do?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein.

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5
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes which are made up of DNA.

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6
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One section (side) of the chromosome.

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7
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

An uncoiled chromosome. Coiled DNA wrapped around histones that makeup chromosomes.

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8
Q

What do chromatins often look like in diagrams?

A

Tangled network.

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9
Q

What is a chromosome made up of (not DNA)?

A

Two chromatids.

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10
Q

What is the backbone of DNA called?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone.

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11
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose.

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12
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

The small repeating units in DNA. Made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.

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13
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.

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14
Q

What are the nitrogenous base pairs?

A

Adenine and thymine.
Guanine and cytosine.

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15
Q

What are the proteins called that DNA strands are wrapped around?

A

Histone proteins.

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16
Q

Explain how such long DNA molecules can fit into the cell nucleus.

A
  • DNA strands are wrapped around a group of 8 (2 sets of 4) special proteins (histones) to form a nucleosome.
  • This reduces the space to store a large molecule.
  • Coiled chromatin becomes super coiled when a cell is getting ready to divide (cell reproduction).
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17
Q

Online the relationship between DNA, histones and nucleosomes.

A

DNA wraps around (coils) histones (special protein) twice to form a nucleosome.

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18
Q

Outline the importance of histones.

A

Allows DNA to coil and fit into the nucleus of a cell. Structure and packaging of chromatin into the nucleus.

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19
Q

What its the function of DNA in a cell?

A

DNA codes for RNA, RNA code for proteins, proteins are used for life processes.

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20
Q

Describe the bonding in a DNA molecule.

A

Weak hydrogen bonds hold bases together.

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21
Q

What is the significance of the base pair sequences?

A

Determines what amino acid is produced for proteins.

22
Q

What is the significance in the bonding of DNA to allow replication?

A

Weak bonds allow them to break away into two strands: coding and non-coding.

23
Q

Outline the structure of a DNA molecule.

A
  • Nucleotides made from a sugar, a phosphate and a base.
  • Nitrogenous bases (base pairs).
  • Double helix shape.
  • Sugar phosphate backbone.
24
Q

How does DNA turn into RNA?

A

Makes a single strand copy of itself.

25
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

RNA

26
Q

What does RNA code for?

A

Proteins

27
Q

What is DNA made from?

A

Nucleotides - adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.

28
Q

What is DNA found as?

A

Chromosome which are long strings of DNA that code for genes/traits.

29
Q

What is RNA made from?

A

Nucleotides - adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine.

30
Q

What base turns to uracil?

A

Thymine

31
Q

What is RNA found as?

A
  • mRNA: shorter strings if RNA that is a copy of a gene.
  • tRNA: 50 kinds, each with an anticodon and a different amino acid.
32
Q

What does 1 gene equal in mRNA?

A

1 message.

33
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

Amino acids (20).

34
Q

What are proteins found as?

A
  • Structural proteins: muscle, hairs, nails, etc.
  • Enzymes: catalase chemical reactions in cells.
35
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

36
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid.

37
Q

What is the function of DNA compared to the function of RNA?

A

DNA codes and stores the genetic information, RNA carries the genetic information.

38
Q

How many strands are in DNA?

A

2

39
Q

How many strands are in RNA?

A

1

40
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

41
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

In the nucleus.

42
Q

Where is RNA located?

A

In the nucleus and cytoplasm.

43
Q

Where is mitochondrial DNA located?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

What is the shape of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Circular

45
Q

Does mitochondrial DNA contain histones?

A

No

46
Q

Does DNA contain histones?

A

Yes

47
Q

Who is your DNA inherited from?

A

Both parents.

48
Q

Who is your mitochondrial DNA inherited from?

A

Mother only.

49
Q

How many genes does DNA contain?

A

Anything from 19-20 000.

50
Q

How many genes does mitochondrial DNA contain?

A

37

51
Q

What do mitochondrial DNA genes code for?

A

24 makes tRNA and 13 for proteins related to respiration.

52
Q
A

Human Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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