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Physio Block 1 > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor of beta cells of pancreas causing increase in insulin and c-peptide secretion

A

Insulinoma

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2
Q

suphonyl urea drugs that cause release of insulin by blocking ATP dependent K+ channels

A

Metformin, Tolbutamide, Glyburide

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3
Q

(1) Deficiency of Insulin
(2) Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) lefel of 126 mg/dL or higher OR FPG level of 200 mg/dL or higher 2 hours after a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
(3) Polyuria due to glucosuria
(4) Polydipsia (thirst)
(5) Polyphagia
(6) Hyperglycemia
(7) Increased blood AA levels
(8) Hypotension
(9) Hyperkalemia
(10) Metabolic acidosis
(11) Increased susceptibility to infections

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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4
Q

(1) Increase in production of Ketoacids due to insulin deficiency
(2) Kussmaul’s breathing/air hunger: rapid, deep breathing due to chemoreceptors
(3) Breath will have fruity acetone odour

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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5
Q

(1) Islet cell antibodies are detected which slowly destroy beta-cells of pancreas

A

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA)

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6
Q

(1) Stress
(2) GH, Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine
(3) Increase blood sugar levels by anti-insulin action and gluconeogenesis by liver
(4) Increase protein catabolism
(5) increase lipolysis
(6) Promote vasoconstriction
(7) Promote bronchodilation
(8) Promote glycogenolysis
(9) Anti-inflammatory actions (inhibit phospholipase A2 via synthesis of lipocortin)
(10) Prevent rejection of transplanted organs

A

Glucocortocoids

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7
Q

Enzyme that liberates arachidonate from membrane phospholipids arachidonate

A

Phospholipase A2

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8
Q

Precursore for inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

Arachidonate

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9
Q

Inhibitor of phospholipase A2

A

Lipocortin

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10
Q

(1) Reabsorption of Sodium and water, excretion of potassium and secretion of H+

A

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

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11
Q

(1) Hypercortisolism due to:
a) high pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids
b) pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH
c) bilateral hyperplasia of adrenal glands
d) adrenal adenoma
e) adrenal carcinoma
(2) hyperglycemia
(3) Increased protein catabolism
(4) redistribution of fat (moon face, buffalo hump, lemon stick appearance)

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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12
Q

Pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH leading to high cortisol and androgens (Secondary Hypercortisolism)

A

Cushing’s Disease

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13
Q

(1) Diagnose and differentiate between primary/secondary cause for Cushing’s disorder
(2) Low dose normally would decrease ACTH due to negative feedback, in turn decreasing cortisol (not suppressed in secondary disease/cushing’s disease/acth secreting tumor)
(3) High dose will suppress both ACTH and cortisol in Cushing’s disease- if ACTH is still high must be ectopic ACTH or tumor of lung

A

Dexamethasone (DMT) Suppression Test

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14
Q

inhibitor of steroid hormone synthesis used to treat Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Ketoconazole

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15
Q

(1) autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex leading to adrenal crisis/adrenocortical insufficiency
(2) decreased GC, MC and Androgen secretion
(3) Increased ACTH - leads to hyperpigmentation

A

Addison’s sease

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16
Q

if cortisol increases, defect is in Anterior Pituitary (secondary adrenal disease)
if no improvement, defect in adrenal gland itself (primary adrenal disease)

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

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17
Q

(1) Hyperaldosteronism caused by an aldosterone secreting tumor
(2) hypertenstion
(3) hypokalemia
(4) Metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn’s Syndrome

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18
Q

(1) Congenital Virilizing Adrenal Hyperplasia
(2) Excess secretion of androgens
(3) Deficiency of aldosterone and GC
(4) In Females: Baldness, Hirsuitism, small breasts, amenorrhea, heavy arms & legs, male pattern of hair growth, precocious pubic hair, clitoromegaly, ambiguous genitalia at birth
(5) In Males: leads to Precocious Pseudopuberty
(6) Hypostension
(7) Hypoglycemia
(8) Hyperkalemia

A

21 B Hydroxylase Deficiency

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19
Q

(1) Congenital Virilizing Adrenal Hyperplasia

(2) Hypoglycemia

A

11 B Hydroxylase Deficiency

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20
Q

(1) Tumor of chromaffin tissues of adrenal medulla resulting in hypersecretion of catecholamines

A

Pheochromocytoma

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21
Q

(1) Hypercalcemia
(2) Hypophosphatemia
(3) Hyperphosphaturia
(4) Nephrocalcinosis
(5) Increased bone resorption
(Primary caused by parathyroid adenoma)

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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22
Q

(1) Low calcium levels over stimulating PTH secretion
Due To:
(2) Vitamin D Deficiency
(3) Renal Failure (increasing phosphate levels)
(4) Pregnancy demands for calcium

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

Treatment for hypercalcemia by inhibiting calcium reabsorption

A

Furosemide

24
Q

Treatment for hypercalcemia by inhibiting bone resorption

A

Etidronate

25
Q

(1) Tumor of lung and breast secrete PTH related peptide (PTH-rp) which acts just like PTH
(2) PTH is low, suppressed secretion by PTH-rp
(3) Hypercalcemia
(4) Hypophosphatemia
(5) Hyperphosphaturia

A

Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

26
Q

(1) Commonly due to thyroidectomy or parathyroid surgery
(2) Hypocalcemia
(3) Tetany
(4) Hyperphosphatemia

A

Hypoparathyroidism

27
Q

Sign of tetany when Wrap the BP cuff around the arm & raise the pressure. The hand of the patient will go in for carpopedal spasm due to increased neuromuscular excitability

A

Trousseau’s Sign

28
Q

Sign of tetany Tap the facial nerve over the cheek. There will be puckering of mouth & angle of mouth deviates to that side

A

Chvostek’s Sign

29
Q

(1) type 1a: Albright’s hereditary Osteodystrophy
(2) Inherited AD disorder
(3) Gs protein of PTH targets in kidney and bone are defective
(4) Increase PTH levels, decreased cAMP levels
(5) Hypocalcemia
(6) Hyperphosphatemia
(7) Shortened 4th or 5th metacarpal

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

30
Q

GH deficiency results in short stature due to growth retardation

(1) Plumpiness, immature face, small genitalia, body proportion according to age, delayed skeleltal and dental development
(2) Decreased GH
(3) Decreased GHRH

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

31
Q

GH insensitivity results in short stature due to growth retardation

(1) increased GH and GHRH levels
(2) reduced IGF-1
(3) defective GH receptors

A

Laron Dwarfism

32
Q

Gross retardation of mental and physical development, infantile body proportion
(1) decreased thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroid Dwarf (Cretin)

33
Q

Panhypopituitarism caused by post partum hemorrhage leading to pituitary infarction and necrosis

  • decrease in levels of all anterior pituitary hormones
  • aldosterone levels normal
A

Sheehan’s Syndrome

34
Q

Dopamine agonist the decreases PRL secretion

A

Bromocryptine

35
Q

blocks voltage-sensitive sodium channels and prevents occurrence of nerve action potentials

A

Lidocaine

36
Q

toxin from Japanese puffer fish blocks voltage-sensitive sodium channels and abolished action potentials net force

A

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

37
Q

blocks release of Ach from presynaptic terminals

A

Botulinum Toxin

38
Q

Autoimmune disease where antibodies are formed to Ach receptors on motor end plates of skeletal muscle

(1) Ptosis
(2) Diplopia
(3) Dysphagia
(4) Dysarthria
(5) Treated by Neostigmine and Pyrodostigmine

A

Myasthenia Gravis

39
Q

Drugs that inhibit acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) keeping Ach in synaptic cleft for longer period of time and larger amounts enabling larger amplitude of EPP to generate muscle AP

A

Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine

40
Q

Antibodies destroy voltage gated calcium channels in presynaptic nerve terminals leading to decreased quantum of Ach released during each nerve AP

A

Lambert-Easton Syndrome

41
Q
  • Degeneration of acetylcholine neurons in the brain

- leads to senile dementia; loss of memory

A

Alzheimer’s disease

42
Q
  • degeneration of dopamine neurons in basal ganglia

- tremors and rigidity

A

Parkinson’s disease

43
Q
  • hyperactivity of dopamine secreting neurons in brain

- dopamine levels are high

A

Schizophrenia

44
Q
  • resembles myasthenia gravis
  • skeletal muscle weakness
  • May be associated with lung carcinoma
A

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

45
Q
  • due to GH deficiency

- results in short stature/stunted growth

A

Dwarfism

46
Q
  • due to overproduction of GH during adolescence

- excessive growth of long bones >8’

A

Gigantism

47
Q
  • Excess secretion of GH during adulthood

- girth of bones will increase

A

Acromegaly

48
Q
  • prolactin excess resulting from hypothalamic lesions

- males inhibits GnRH, females decreased estrogen

A

Hyperprolactinemia

49
Q
  • deficiency of ADH

- complete failure of production due to hypothalamus damage

A

Central/neurogenic DI

50
Q

-decreased response to ADH or resistance

A

Complete/nephrogenic DI

51
Q

Abnormally excessive levels of ADH gets secreted either from posterior pituitary or from ectopic sites: small cell/oat cell carcinoma of the lung

A

SIADH

52
Q
  • slow-growing, extra-axial, epithelial squamous, calcified cystic tumor arising from remnants of craniopharyangeal duct and/pr Rathke’s pouch
  • compresses anterior and posterior pituitary
  • seen mostly in children
  • Sx: headache, hypothyroidism, adrenal gland failure, hypoglycemia, decreased sex hormones
A

Craniopharyngioma

53
Q
  • untreated postnasal hypothyroidism

- dwarfism, mental retardation

A

Cretinism

54
Q

What do you see in 21B-hydroxylase?

A

increase progesterone, decreased cortisol, decreased MCs

-hyperkalemia

55
Q

What do you see in 11B-hydroxylase?

A

decreased cortisol and androgen levels, increased ACTH

-hypokalemia

56
Q

What do you see in 17a-OH?

A

decreased cortisol and androgen levels, increased ACTH

-hypokalemia

Physio Block 1 (6 decks)

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