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FCM S01 > Disease Causation and Natural History of Disease > Flashcards

Disease Causation and Natural History of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible results of infection?

A 
Recovery
Balanced Equilibrium (healthy carrier/inapparent infection)
Subclinical Conditions (mild reaction that escape detection)
Clinical Case (atypical/ typical full-blown case)
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2
Q

Period of Communicability:

Give the types of carrier

A

Incubatory
Convalescence
Temporary
Chronic

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3
Q

Stage of Pathogenesis wherein the clinical manifestation of the disease appears after the incubation period

A

Clinical Horizon

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4
Q

The most common symptom in the clinical horizon

A

Fever

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5
Q

This is the interval between the time of entry of the agent into the host and the onset of signs and symptoms

A

Incubation period

- can also be the Early Pathogenesis stage/ Stage of Subclinical disease without pathologic changes

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6
Q

Sequentially give the Chain of Infection

A 
Infectious Agent > 
Portal of Exit >
Mode of Transmission >
Portal of Entry >
Susceptible Host: FINAL
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7
Q

The manifestation of Host-parasite relationship depends on the following:

A 
Characteristic of the infectious agent
Dosage of the agent
Duration of exposure
Reaction of the tissue of the host
Portal of entry and tissue effect
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8
Q

This depends on genetic or constitutional factors, specific immunity and nonspecific factors that affect an individual’s ability to resist infection or to limit pathogenicity

A

Susceptibility of the host

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9
Q

Incubation period varies based on the following conditions:

A

Virulence, dose, portal of entry
Inherent character of the organism
Previous experience of the host
State of natural resistance (immunity)

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10
Q

Portal of exit usually corresponds to the ___________

A

Site of where pathogen is localized

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11
Q

The model of disease causation which explains that disease
developed as a result of chain of complex interactions of
factors like biophysical, social and psychological

A

Web of Causation

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12
Q

Widespread antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing most common diseases is due to:

a. Increase in the ability of agent to infect and cause disease in man
b. The proportion of susceptible population in the human host is increased
c. Environmental change alters host susceptibility
d. Environmental change facilitates spread of agent

A

A.

Host-Agent Lever of A > H = increased virulence or Increased ability to infect

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13
Q

This refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment, including the outcome of the disease

a. Natural History of disease
b. Disease Causation
c. Pre-pathogenesis stage
d. Pathogenesis Stage

A

A.
It comprises the body of both qualitative and quantitative knowledge of the agent, host, and environmental factors and its development from the first forces

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14
Q

After an agent leaves a Host or reservoir and start the process of disease transmission, what is the final link in the chain of infection?

a. Mode of transmission
b. Portal of entry
c. Susceptible host
d. Portal of exit

A

C.

HOST – an individual exposed to the agent; refers to human who can get the disease (CDC)

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15
Q

The ability of agent to cause serious illness

A

Virulence

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16
Q

The ability of the agent to induce antibody production

A

Antigenicity

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17
Q

The ability of the agent to produce toxin

A

Toxicity

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18
Q

The ability of the agent to penetrate or grow within the host and away from the original site of illness

A

Invasiveness

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19
Q

The ability of the agent to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

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20
Q

The ability of the agent to lodge and multiply in the body of the host

A

Infectivity

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21
Q

Knowing the Iceberg Phenomenon in the spectrum of health and diseases, which of the following in Covid-19 is/are part of the “invisible” part of iceberg?

a. Susceptible population
b. Misdiagnosed and undiagnosed cases
c. Subclinical and asymptomatic cases
d. All of the above

A

D.
The iceberg phenomenon describe a situation in which a large percentage of a problem is subclinical, unreported, or otherwise hidden from view. Thus, only the “tip of the iceberg” is apparent to the epidemiologist.

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22
Q

Ecologic model of disease causation that depicts the relationship of host with its genetic material (internal factors) and how it is influenced by the environment (external factors).

A

The wheel of causation

23
Q

Web of causation:

Events that inhibit the development of disease

A

Protective factors

24
Q

Web of causation:

Events that promotes the development of disease

A

Risk factors

25
Q

Epidemiologic Triangle:

Environmental Category that is non-biophysical

A

Socio-economic

26
Q

Epidemiologic Triangle:

A vertebrate or invertebrate species capable of being infected or affected by an agent

A

Host

27
Q

Epidemiologic Triangle:

What specific type of agent are common poisons

A

Exogenous, chemical, non-living agents

28
Q

Epidemiologic Triangle:

Types of Disease Agent

A

Living agents
Non-living agents
Nutrients

29
Q

The course of disease in man from the first interaction with disease-provoking stimuli to the changes in the form and function, which results to or until equilibrium is reached or recovery, defect, disability, or death ensues.

A

Pathogenesis

30
Q

Three stages of Pathogenesis

A

Early pathogenesis
Clinical Horizon
Disability Stage

31
Q

Possible outcomes of the Clinical Case of infection

A 
Complete Recovery
Defect/ Temporary or Permanent Disability
Carrier State
Chronic condition
Death
32
Q

Approach to prevent or delay the progression of a clinically advanced disease through adequate treatment to arrest or stop the disease and further complications

A

Disability limitation

33
Q

Strategies for secondary level of prevention are applied during

a. Pre-pathogenesis stage
b. Stage of susceptibility of the host
c. Stage of subclinical disease
d. Stage of clinical disease

A

C

34
Q

Strategies for tertiary level of prevention are applied to the period of:

A

Pathogenicity/ Stage of clinical disease

35
Q

The prevention of congenital malformations is under which Level of Prevention?

A

Secondary prevention

36
Q

Use of measures against specific disease agents by establishing barriers against agents in the environment

A

Specific Health Promotion

37
Q

Measures employed in promoting health, not directed to any disease, but serve to further general health and well-being
• Geared towards adoption of healthy behaviors

A

General Health Promotion

38
Q

Includes steps involving training and education as to enable the person to earn a livelihood

A

Vocational Rehabilitation

38
Q

Includes steps involving training and education as to enable the person to earn a livelihood

A

Vocational Rehabilitation

39
Q

Involves steps to restore the confidence and personal dignity

A

Emotional and Psychological Rehabilitation

40
Q

Successful rehabilitation depends on:

A
  • Provision of adequate facilities in hospitals, communities, and industries
  • Provision of selective placement
41
Q 
Increasing awareness is part of:
A. primary prevention
B. secondary prevention
C. tertiary prevention
D. all of the above
A

D

42
Q

What are the components of tertiary prevention?

A

Disability limitation
Rehabilitation
Intensive follow-up and treatment of cases

43
Q

Different classifications for modes of transmission:

A

Direct and Indirect

44
Q

Types of direct mode of transmission:

A

Direct Contact

Droplet Spread

45
Q

Types of Indirect mode of transmission:

A

Vector-borne
Airborne
Vehicle-borne

46
Q

The preliminary interaction of the potential agents, host, and environmental factors in disease production

A

Pre-pathogenesis

47
Q

Requirements for Infections to occur

A 
Presence of infectious agent
Suitable reservoir
Presence of susceptible host
Suitable portal of entry
Portal of exit from the host
47
Q

Requirements for Infections to occur

A 
Presence of infectious agent
Suitable reservoir
Presence of susceptible host
Suitable portal of entry
Portal of exit from the host
48
Q

3 categories of environment of the Epidemiological triangle:

A

Physical
Biological
Socio-economic

49
Q

Refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

A

Pathogenicity

50
Q

This refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

A

Virulence

51
Q

For an infectious agent, ______ refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected.

A

Infectivity

52
Q

In some people, the disease process may never progress to clinically apparent illness. In others, the disease process may result in illness that ranges from mild to severe or fatal. This range is called the _______.

A

Spectrum of disease

FCM S01 (8 decks)

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