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Music > development of the opera (2) > Flashcards

development of the opera (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

opera definition

A

an elaborate staged drama with sets, decor, and costumes. It is set to music, being sung throughout with no spoken dialogue. Made up of vocal pieces with instrumental accompaniment and usually with orchestral overtures and interludes.

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2
Q

types of opera

A
  • opera seria
  • opera buffa
  • singspiel
  • music drama / gesamtkunstwerk
  • bel canto
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3
Q

opera seria

A

Italian opera that features serious or historical subjects (e.g. romance, tragedy, heroism)

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4
Q

opera buffa

A

Italian opera that features comedy (comic character / situation), usually with happy ending

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5
Q

singspiel

A

German comic opera that includes spoken dialogue, and often includes elements of fantasy, magic, and comically exaggerated characteristics of good and evil

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6
Q

music drama / gesamtkunstwerk

A

unified work, free from formal divisions of arias, recitatives, etc. libretto and music created by same person. Birth of the leitmotiv.

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7
Q

bel canto

A

focus on singers, with many elaborate arias

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8
Q

elements of opera

A
  • overture
  • aria
  • recitative (secco & accompagnato)
  • chorus
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9
Q

ritornelli

A

recurrent instrumental passages

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10
Q

parlando

A

speaking type of singing

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11
Q

melisma

A

single syllable sung over many notes

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12
Q

voice types (extreme)

A

(coloratura soprano)
soprano
mezzo-soprano
alto
(contralto)

(countertenor)
tenor
baritone
bass
(basso profundo)

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13
Q

factors in development of opera

A
  • florentine camerata
  • monteverdi
  • gluck
  • mozart
  • wagner
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14
Q

when florentine camerata

A

1600s

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15
Q

who florentine camerata

A

Italian noblemen

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16
Q

why florentine camerata

A
  • renaissance
    > revival of greek tragedy
    > believed to be sung
17
Q

how florentine camerata

A
  • avoid renaissance polyphony
    > monodies: single vocal line accomp by harpsichord/lyre
    > recitative: sing text according to natural speech rhythms
18
Q

what did monteverdi do

A
  • first ‘real’ opera: L’Orfeo
  • ritornelli
  • basso continuo
  • overture
  • instrumentation for emotions
  • chromaticism
  • distinct recitative + aria
19
Q

what did gluck do

A
  • expression in text
  • break contrast between recitative + aria
  • eliminates complex romance (greek mythology)
  • dramatic use of chorus
  • overture presents general mood
20
Q

what did mozart do

A
  • not reformer
  • Italian influence
  • characters through tone, melodious
  • mostly comic
  • masonic
  • complex plots
  • parlando
21
Q

what did wagner do

A
  • music drama / gesamtkunstwerk
  • thematic transformation (recurring theme transformed) - leitmotiv

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