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Psychology: Psychopathology > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is depression?

A

A mood effective disorder

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2
Q

Name the 2 types of depression DSM-5 identifies?

A
  • Major Depression Disorder (short term)
  • Persistent Depressive Disorder (long term)
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3
Q

Name 4 of the 9 symptoms of depression given in the DSM -IV ?

A
  • Decreased interest or pleasure in most activities
  • Significant weight change (5%) or change in appetite
  • Change in sleep: Insomnia or hypersomnia
  • Guilt/worthlessness
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4
Q

What is the DSM-IV criteria of depression?

A
  • Depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities for more than 2 weeks
  • Mood represents a changes from the persons baseline
  • Impaired function: Social, occupational, educational
  • 5/9 of the symptoms nearly everyday
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5
Q

What are emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  • Lowered mood
  • Anger
  • Self-esteem is low
  • Feelings of despair
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6
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • Low levels of energy
  • Withdrawn from work/social
  • Struggle to relax
  • Disruption to sleep
  • Appetite changes
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7
Q

What are cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • Negative/irrational thoughts
  • Absolutist thinking/ suicidal thoughts
  • Poor levels of concentration
  • Tend to recall unhappy events
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8
Q

What did Aaron Beck do?

A

He developed a cognitive explanation of depression which has three components.

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9
Q

What were the three components Beck developed?

A
  • Cognitive bias
  • Negative self-schemas
  • The negative triad
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10
Q

Explain Becks ‘cognitive bias’?

A
  • Beck found that depressed people are more likely to foucs on the negative aspects of a situation, while ignoring the positives.
  • Prone to distorting and misinterpreting information
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11
Q

What are the cognitive biases?

A
  • Over- generalisation
  • Catastrophising
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12
Q

Explain over generalisation

A
  • A depressed person may make over-generalisations
  • Where they make a sweeping conclusion based on a single incident
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13
Q

Explain Catastrophising?

A
  • A depressed person may experience catastrophising
  • Where they exaggerate a minor setback and believe that it’s a complete disaster
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14
Q

Explain Becks ‘negative self-schema’

A
  • A person with a negative self-schema is likely to interpret information about themselves in a negative way, which could lead to cognitive biases
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15
Q

Explain how negative self schemas are developed

A
  • Negative schemas develop throughout childhood and adolescence
  • When authority figures place unrealistic demands on them and are highly critical
  • Negative schemas develop providing a negative framework for viewing events pessimistically
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16
Q

Name childhood events which may lead to negative schemes

A
  • Rejection by peers
  • Criticism by parents
  • Criticism by teachers
  • Physical abuse
  • Emotional abuse
17
Q

What are the three components of the negative triad?

A
  • The self
  • The world
  • The future
18
Q

Give an example of the self

A

‘Nobody loves me’

19
Q

Give an example of the world

A

‘the world is an unfair place’

20
Q

Give an example of the future

A

‘I will always be a failure’

21
Q

Explain the negative triad?

A
  • Beck claimed that cognitive biases and negative self-schemas maintain the negative triad
  • It’s a negative and irrational views of ourselves, our future and the world around us
22
Q

Beck et al (1974) Aim:

A
  • To understand cognitive distortions in patients with depression
23
Q

Beck et al (1974) Method:

A

Clinical interviews with patients undergoing therapy

24
Q

Beck et al (1974) Sample:

A
  • 50 patients diagnosed with depression
  • 16 men and 34 women
  • Most middle/upper class of atleast average intelligence
25
Q

Beck et al (1974) Results:

A
  • Certain themes appeared in the depressed patients that did not appear in the non-depressed
  • Including: low self-esteem, self-blame, overwhelming responsibilities, anxiety caused by thoughts of personal danger and paranoia
26
Q

Beck et al (1974) Conclusions:

A

Even in mild depression patients have cognitive distortions that deviate from logical thinking

27
Q

Beck et al (1974) Evaluation:

A
  • Socially desirable
  • The findings support the cognitive explanation for depression as findings show the depressed people did have different patterns of thinking, compared to the non-depressed patients
28
Q

What is Ellis believe?

A
  • Ellis believe that depressed people blame external events for their unhappiness and that their interpretation of events was to blame for their distress.
29
Q

Why was Ellis’ ABC model developed?

A

To explain response to negative events - how people react differently to stress and adversity

30
Q

What does ellis’ ABC model stand for?

A

A - Activating event

B - Beliefs

C - Consequence

31
Q

Explain activating event

A
  • Something that happens in the environment around you to which there is a reaction.
  • The adversity or event to which there is a reaction
32
Q

Explain Beliefs

A
  • You hold a belief about the event or situation, about why it occurred, could be rational or irrational
33
Q

Explain Consequence

A

You had an emotional response to your belief - the feelings and behaviour the belief now causes.

34
Q

What did Albert Ellis believe?

A
  • it is the irrational beliefs that lead to unhealthy emotions which trigger the consequence, not the event itself.
  • It is not the event but the irrational belief that triggers depression
35
Q

Evaluation of Cognitive approach to explaining depression

A
  • Blames the oatient rather than situational factors
  • Consequences rather than cause
  • The idea of schemata is rather vague
  • Comparison with alternative explanations
  • It could be that irrational thoughts are entirely rational
36
Q

What is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy?

A
  • CBT aims to identify and challenge the negative automatic thoughts held by individuals about themselves and their world
  • CBT aims to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations, and of behavioural patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking
  • It also helps people to develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving which sims to reduce their psychological distress
37
Q

What are the 4 phases to CBT?

A

1) Initial Assessment

2) Goal setting

3) Identifying negative/iteration thoughts and challenging

4) Homework

38
Q

What is Rational emotive behaviour therapy?

A
  • Uses the ABCDE model (activating events, beliefs, consequences, discourse, effect)
  • Aim is to identify and challenge irrational thoughts and to change the irrational belief to break the link with negative events and depression
  • Disputing may involve looking at evidence and logical arguments following from facts
39
Q
A

Psychology: Psychopathology (3 decks)

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