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My HadPop > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Pre clinical phase

A

The laboratory studies done on cell cultures and animals

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2
Q

Phase 1 - Healthy studies

A

When the drugs are tested on less that 100 people to look at side effects

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3
Q

Phase 2 - treatment studies

A

When the drug is tested on

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4
Q

Phase 3 - clinical studies

A

Comparison of this drug to drug currently being used,

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5
Q

Phase 4 - post marketing surveillance

A

Allowing the whole population to use the drug

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6
Q

Deterministic causality

A

Validation of a hypothesis by systematic observation to predict with certainty future events (lab based evidence)

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7
Q

Stochastic causality

A

Assessment of hypothesis by systematic observation to give the likelihood of future events (pop. based evidence obeying that correlation is not equal to causation)

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8
Q

Confounding factor

A

A factor that may have also affected the results in the experiment

Something associated with both the exposure and outcome of the event but not part of the casual pathway.
Leads to misleading and distorted results

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9
Q

Birth notification

A

Professionals put your name on the health register (allows you to get vaccinations etc and flags up social history)

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10
Q

Birth registration

A

Parents of the child have to do this by law

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11
Q

Crude Birth rate (CBR)

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population (includes everyone)

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12
Q

General fertility rate (GFR)

A

The number of live births per 1,000 fertile women aged between 15 and 44 (good indication but not always possible as you do not always know fertile women number)

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13
Q

Total period fertility rate (TPFR)

A

The average number of children born to a hypothetical woman in her lifetime

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14
Q

Fecundity

A

The ability to reproduce

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15
Q

Fertility

A

The realisation of having fertility –> potential of births

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16
Q

Death certification

A

What the doctor does by law - cause of death (mentions illnesses that were included in sequence of events to death)

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17
Q

Death registration

A

Usually done by a relative (need death certificate from the doctor to do)

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18
Q

Age specific death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a specific age group

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19
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people of the population

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20
Q

Absolute risk

A

The size of risk in a person or group of people’s e.g. risk of developing a disease over a certain time period, how much the risk is decreased by using a certain treatment. Does not compare risks between groups.

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21
Q

Before and after study

A

Measures the specific characteristics of a group of people in a population before and after a certain event to compare them. You are able to see the effects of the events.

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22
Q

Blinding

A

Not telling someone what treatment a person has received and/or the outcome of their treatment. It can be a single blind (person blinded is the patient or the researcher) or double blind trial (both are blinded)

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23
Q

Case control study

A

An epidemiological study used to identify the risk factors of a disease.

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24
Q

Census

A

Simultaneously recording of demographic data by the government at a particular time to all the persons who live in a particular territory

25
Q

Standardised mortality rate

A

Compares the observed number of deaths with the expected number is the age sex distribution of the populations were identical

26
Q

Incidence rate

A

Measures new cases by doing. It is a measure of the population’s average risk of disease

Number of new cases / (total population number x time in years)

Which gives you events per persons per year

27
Q

Prevalence

A

Measures number of existing cases of a disease in a specific population at a specific time

Number of cases (at/during a specific time) over the total population. It is a proportion and does not count number of times patient has the illness.

Can be estimated by doing incidence multiplied by the length of disease

28
Q

Birth notification

A

Professionals put your name on the health register (allows you to get vaccinations etc and flags up social history)

29
Q

Birth registration

A

Parents of the child have to do this by law

30
Q

Crude Birth rate (CBR)

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population (includes everyone)

31
Q

General fertility rate (GFR)

A

The number of live births per 1,000 fertile women aged between 15 and 44 (good indication but not always possible as you do not always know fertile women number)

32
Q

Total period fertility rate (TPFR)

A

The average number of children born to a hypothetical woman in her lifetime

33
Q

Fecundity

A

The ability to reproduce

34
Q

Fertility

A

The realisation of having fertility –> potential of births

35
Q

Death certification

A

What the doctor does by law - cause of death (mentions illnesses that were included in sequence of events to death)

36
Q

Death registration

A

Usually done by a relative (need death certificate from the doctor to do)

37
Q

Age specific death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a specific age group

38
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people of the population

39
Q

Prevalence

A

The measurement of the number of people in a specific population with an illness in a period of time

40
Q

Absolute risk

A

The size of risk in a person or group of people’s e.g. risk of developing a disease over a certain time period, how much the risk is decreased by using a certain treatment. Does not compare risks between groups.

Rate is a measure of absolute risk

41
Q

Before and after study

A

Measures the specific characteristics of a group of people in a population before and after a certain event to compare them. You are able to see the effects of the events.

42
Q

Blinding

A

Not telling someone what treatment a person has received and/or the outcome of their treatment. It can be a single blind (person blinded is the patient or the researcher) or double blind trial (both are blinded)

43
Q

Case control study

A

An epidemiological study used to identify the risk factors of a disease.

44
Q

Aetiology of a disease

A

Cause of a disease

45
Q

Systematic variations

A

Structured variations (not random) e.g. Does risk of getting heart disease vary with different levels of exposure to cigarette smoke? - helps identify causes of the disease

46
Q

Incidence rate ratio

A

Incidence rate of exposed group divided by incidence rate of unexposed group. So the unexposed group is like the control group - used for comparison.

If incidence rate in exposed group (group B) is higher it suggests difference in exposures is associated with the difference in the rates of disease.

Can also be used to compare new treatments. Group B (exposed) would have the new treatment.

47
Q

Relative risk

A

Ratio is a measure of relative risk (comparing)

48
Q

Rate

A

Measure of absolute risk

49
Q

Ratio

A

Measure of relative risk

50
Q

Mortality rate ratio

A

Rate B divided by rate A

New /old e.g. Mortality rate for new treatment over mortality rate over old treatment.

Can also be done as old/new, just interpret the answer correctly.

51
Q

Tendency

A

What the ‘true’ or ‘underlying’ thing that usually happens is (eg. Tails and heads tends to be equally numbered) however we never usually truly know what this is

52
Q

Observation

A

The best guess of the true value. Due to random variation the results usually vary with the same population.

Our observed value is our best guess of the true or underlying tendency.

53
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement that an underlying tendency of scientific interest takes a particular quantitative value

54
Q

P value less than or equal to 0.05

A

Means the observations are statistically significant - the data is inconsistent with the states hypothesis so it is reasonable to reject the stated hypothesis.

55
Q

P value is above 0.05

A

We cannot reasonably reject the null hypothesis however this does not prove that the hypothesis is true.

Means the observed data is consistent with the hypothesis.

56
Q

Clinically important

A

Means the thing needs to be looked into and investigated.

If a result to a hypothesis test is statistically significant it does not mean it is clinically important because it may have occurred due to random variation

57
Q

95% confidence interval

A

The range within which we can be 95% certain that the ‘true’ value of the underlying tendency really lies. The middle value of this range is usually the observed value as this is our best guess of the ‘true’ value and it is the range from the lower confidence limit to the upper confidence limit. Data within this range is consistent with the data

58
Q

Error factor

A

E to the power of (2 x the square root of 1/number of new events)

Or 1/SMR

Or 1/no cases in pop 1 + 1/no cases in pop2

My HadPop (2 decks)

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