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MEDI 100 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Manuscripts

A

Handwritten texts made in specialized workshops.

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2
Q

Scriptorium

A

Monastic workshops where manuscripts and cartoons were made.

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3
Q

Rubrication

A

Supplementation of additional text in red ink for emphasis.

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4
Q

Illumination

A

Addition of illustrations, decorative borders of gold text.

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5
Q

Translucent materials

A

Mica, alabaster (soft stone) and shell (carapace) were manipulated and shaved to become translucent.

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6
Q

Glaziers

A

Assemble glass windows with leading and set them in architectural contexts.

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7
Q

Tesserae

A

Fragments of glass, first found dating back to 675.

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8
Q

St. John’s Gospel

A

Developed the theme of the divinely ordinated nature of light and described Christ as ‘Lux Vera’ - the true light

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9
Q

Insular books

A

From the great isles of Ireland and England, 7th-8th century

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10
Q

Gospel

A

Display the stories of Jesus Christ’s life or presumed existence.

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11
Q

Breviaries

A

Contain requisite text for the Divine Office (official set of prayers that mark hours of each day, sanctifying the day with prayer.)

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12
Q

Psalter

A

Collection of songs (psalms)

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13
Q

Books of Hours

A

Private devotion including psalms, litanies of saints and prayers

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14
Q

Evangelization

A

To convert someone to Christianity

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15
Q

Icons

A

Panel paintings depicting holy individuals such as Mary and Christ that face the viewer straight on. Icons acted as a conduit between the viewer and the being depicted.

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16
Q

The Evangelists

A

Matthew is the man, Luke is the ox, John the eagle and Mark the lion. They were the protectors of Christ and stood around the cross.

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17
Q

Carpet pages

A

Visual pages of intricate design found in Insular manuscripts, usually found at the beginning of a gospel book featuring a cruciform design.

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18
Q

Bifolia

A

2 folia (pages) folded by a crease.

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19
Q

Anchorite

A

Someone who removes themselves from society to engage in intense prayer

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20
Q

Colophons

A

Signatures from authors

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21
Q

Interlinear gloss

A

Translation to another language written between the lines.

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22
Q

Insular manuscripts

A

Manuscripts of England and Ireland in the early Middle Ages.

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23
Q

Didactic

A

To convey or teach information, like public art.

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24
Q

Freize

A

A rectilinear running panel, carved

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25
Q

Polychroming

A

Painted, usually primary colours

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26
Q

Gesso

A

Limestone plaster, used to adhere paint to rock

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27
Q

Monastic Atelier

A

Workshops for artistic production

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28
Q

Wattle

A

Early building medium of woven sticks

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29
Q

Daub

A

Old straw mixed with excrement that once applied to a structure of wattle and dried, was fairly sturdy.

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30
Q

Romanesque

A

10th-12th century medieval Europe architectural style.

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31
Q

Tympanum

A

Triangular or semi-circular space above an entrance, framed by lintel

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32
Q

Lintel

A

Horizontal block spanning an opening and arch

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32
Q

Relief-carving

A

Figures carved from a flat surface; depending on the degree of projection, figures can be low, medium or high relief.

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33
Q

Patronage

A

Contractual system where a patron (someone wealthy) commissions someone to create something for them, never just a gift

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34
Q

Benefaction

A

Giving something, usually money, as a form of philanthropy. Benefaction of architecture and prestige objects demanded substantial wealth

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35
Q

Commissions

A

Displayed a patron’s affluence and conveyed messages of power, piety and authority

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36
Q

Bequeath

A

Something left after death

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37
Q

Hawking

A

Elite tradition that involved taming hawks and using them in hunting, represented hunting rights in specific owned territories.

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38
Q

Founder Burial

A

For the founder of the church (lord), first in the graveyard associated with the church.

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39
Q

Gifstol

A

Referenced in Beowulf, where the elite sits and gives gifts, usually weapons such as swords and shields to his war-band in order to bind them to him.

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40
Q

Corpus

A

Collection or body of knowledge or evidence

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41
Q

Knives

A

Belonged to women and men. Had no set locale in a weapon-burial and was used as a multitool. The size of the knife increased with the person’s age and status.

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42
Q

Sceax

A

Large, single edged knife that was used for butchering animals and functioned as a weapon. Buried with elites.

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43
Q

Spears

A

Spear heads were usually buried near the head. The symbol of a free man in a martial society. Given to boys as a rite before they became men.

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44
Q

Shields

A

Symbol of a free man and a warrior, layed underneath or on top.

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45
Q

Sword

A

Usually on the left, embracing the sword. Rarest in a burial because they were only ever owned by elites due to the cost it took to make a sword.

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46
Q

Heirloom

A

Something that had great value to a kin group. Could be inherited.

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47
Q

Gift-Giving

A

Regulated the lord/retainer bond in the Anglo-Saxon period, manifested respect among equals and warranted codification in law. In a martial society, weapons were usually given, as were arm-bands and land.

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48
Q

Fyrd

A

Non-standing Anglo-Saxon army that was summoned in times of need. Also a term for military service.

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49
Q

Fenland Group

A

Funerary monuments (recumbent slabs, monolithic crosses, cruciform markers) that exhibited a limited repertoire of decorative marks and are carved from oolithic limestone from Barnack quarries.

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50
Q

Order of Land-Holding as said in Domesday Book

A

Manorial centre (heafod botl) –> inland (servi/aneillae, cottari/bordarri) –> villages (villani) –> freemen (sokemanni/libre homines)

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51
Q

Heafod Botl

A

Chief residence, aka manorial center. Described the lord’s residence and adjacent lands that supported the household.

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52
Q

Royal Charter/Land Book

A

Stated that land a lord owned was given by the King, possessed by some lords with sake and soke.

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53
Q

Bookland Estates

A

What estates of lords who exercised their rights over sake and soke were akin to.

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54
Q

Manorial Court

A

Soke-holder’s jurisdiction

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55
Q

Tenurial Juristdiction

A

Variable. Some lords with rights of soke received the fines their subjects recieved in courts; such lords may have exercised rights of patronage within their territory, possibly in a hierarchical manner with respect to lesser elites.

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56
Q

Consuetudines

A

Vague term connoting taxes, rents, miscellaneous services and dues given to the person who held authority over land (soke). Related to ones station in society.

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57
Q

Servi and Ancillae

A

Male and female slaves. Manorial property and equipment. Worked the land and held no tenurial rights. Lived in the Inland and had no ownership or freedom of movement.

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58
Q

Inland

A

Closest land to the manorial centre - core of a lord’s territory. Intensivey supervised and exploited. Provided lord with supplies for households. Workers inland had restricted jobs, freedoms and living.

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59
Q

Cottari and Bordarri

A

Cottages and the landless. Inland. Held 5-8 acres; barely sufficient for subsistence.

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60
Q

Villani

A

Villagers, held ~two bovates. Lived inland but not entirely independent, less burdened. Subject to manorial courts. Worked non-agricultural jobs and taxed in coin.

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61
Q

Bovates

A

Around 30 acres

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62
Q

Wapentake

A

Danelaw public court

63
Q

The Hundred

A

Anglo-Saxon public courts

64
Q

Vassals

A

Lower nobility who got access to land almost exclusively through military service. Existed during the high middle ages and evolved from the sokemanni/libre homines

65
Q

Porp

A

Old Norse word. Indicator of secondary settlement, either as a dependency of a larger estate or an instance following exploitation of marginal land.

66
Q

Onomasticon

A

Collection of a region’s place-names

67
Q

Onomastic Evidence

A

What place names are termed in archaeological contexts.

68
Q

Sokemanni & Libre Homines

A

Freemen, paid with martial service. Free alienation and sale of land was their defining prerogative; essentially lease-holders. Some grew wealthy enough to form their own manorial centres. Evolve into knights. Held around 10-40 acres. Access to public courts were important to their legal status.

69
Q

Soke or Sake & Soke

A

Rights that lords exercised over their lands as referred to in the Domesday Book.

70
Q

Soke

A

Implies ownership and jurisdiction, not residency. Describes four things: 1. Obligations resting on land and its inhabitants, 2. Term for a territorial unit/estate (dependencies of a manor), 3. sokeland or terra in soca (land), 4. The sokemanni (stratum of pesantry). Those with rights of soke can be considered ‘overlords’, supported by lesser elites who maintained land and goverened supporting population.

71
Q

Sake and Soke (Saca et Soca)

A

Implies ownership, jurisdiction and residence - lords that possessed soke and were resident on that land, exercising direct tenurial jurisdiction and governance. Estates of these lords were akin to bookland estates, though not all had acquired royal charters.

72
Q

Spurious Monasteries

A

Posed as ‘monastic houses’, laymen secured hereditary estates to avoid consuetudines including fyrd-service.

73
Q

Hoe

A

Used to remove unwanted weeds as well as break/aerate soil.

74
Q

Heavy Plow

A

An iron wedge that was dragged behind an animal to create deep furrows for planting, draining fields and mix/aerate soil. Upgrade from roman lightweight plow to plow through the heavy, damp soil of Northern England.

75
Q

Harrow

A

Leveled out deep furrows left by the heavy plows to bury seeds.

76
Q

Horse collar

A

Padded collar that directs the burden of the heavy plow to the horse’s shoulders without choking it.

77
Q

Lying Fallow

A

Not planting any crop in a field for a season and leaving it to recover naturally.

78
Q

Nucleate

A

Relationship between available resources and a population. Citizens leave and form another settlement as original settlement cannot sustain entire population.

79
Q

Grains

A

Milled as flour and then baked as bread, dietary staple of all classes.

80
Q

Bread

A

Important commodity for the poor; provided more calories than expensive proteins (meats). Poor grain harvests had worse effects on the poor.

81
Q

Villages

A

Supplied towns with food and animal products

82
Q

Towns

A

Processed goods from villages to be given back as materials and food. Established near communication routes to attract skilled workers and transport goods. Usually defended by walls so metal-working and pottery production could flourish.

83
Q

Precious metals

A

Gold/silver, used for jewelry/manuscript-covers/church furnishings/opus anglicanum.

84
Q

Non-elite metal work

A

(Including most jewelry) was made from base metals (tin, lead, copper)

85
Q

Base-Metals

A

Tin, lead and copper - objects were cast from alloys

86
Q

Alloys

A

Metal made by combining 2 or more metallic elements via smelting to improve strength/corrosion-resistance.

87
Q

Smelting

A

How alloys are made. Metals were heated to a liquid state to remove impurities and combine them.

88
Q

Wrought Iron

A

Basic metallic engineering material for every day use. Produced via heating, hammering and cooling - relatively soft. Production require proximity to water, woods and ore deposits.

89
Q

Production Centres

A

Areas where commodities were localized (such as towns)

90
Q

Steel

A

Superior alloy of iron, stronger than wrought and used for items requiring greater hardness and strength (weapons and armour)

91
Q

Cast Iron

A

Strong. Cast instead of hammered, brittle, used to make cooking vessels and later canons and shot.

92
Q

Slag

A

Waste material produced from smelting iron ores.

93
Q

Crucibles

A

Ceramic containers used to hold molten metal during smelting.

94
Q

Litharge Cakes

A

Lumps of ‘litharge’ - lead oxides - produced by separating precious metals from base metals.

95
Q

Moulds

A

Usually of clay/stone used for casting liquid metal into specific objects

96
Q

Metal Scrap

A

Solidified droplets or spillage of smelted metal.

97
Q

Pottery

A

Important in reciprocal economies of towns and villages. Used for trade between villages and towns as shipping containers for agricultural and craft-goods. Because of this, pottery was not usually sold.

98
Q

Falchion

A

Heavy European curved swords inspired by the Muslim Scimitar. Made in response to the crusades to use in calvary charges and against metallic armour.

99
Q

Crusader States

A

Large western settlements made to govern conquered territory. Guarded by formidable castles. (Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli.)

100
Q

Jihad

A

Muslim holy war

101
Q

Fortified Buildings

A

Included castles. Served to garrison frontiers and protect wealth and people (usually elites), were processing centres, and a powerful symbol of elite landholding status.

102
Q

Qu’ran

A

Allah’s revelations to the prophet via the Archangel Gabriel, memorized and transcribed by Prophet Muhammad’s followers.

103
Q

Romanticism

A

Perceiving reality through subjective feeling, intuition and emotion

104
Q

Medieval Revival

A

Reaction against the modern technological developments of the 19th c.

105
Q

Gothic Revival

A

Architectural movement spanning the first half of the 19th c. that drew inspiration from Middle Ages medieval architecture.

106
Q

Medievalism

A

A broad idea of the medieval that re-emerged in
prevalence during the Romanticism movement as Victorian interest in the middle ages grew.

107
Q

Middle Ages

A

Temporal period 500 - 1500 from which the medieval and in turn medievalism originated,.

108
Q

Arthuranism

A

The practice of referencing, whether through art or literature the legends and myths of King Arthur.

109
Q

Torah

A

Hebrew holy text

110
Q

Diaspora

A

Historical displacement from traditional territories accompanied by feelings of loss and homelessness.

111
Q

Al-Andalus

A

Region characterized by cultural, intellectual, and artistic exchange between Muslim, Jewish and Christian communities.

112
Q

Genius

A

The ‘soul’ in pagan Roman belief, usually depicted as a winged human.

113
Q

Saint

A

An individual in where Christ dwells.

114
Q

Canonical Saint

A

Beings that had exceptional piety while mortal and have an official feast day in the church calendar.

115
Q

Popular Saints

A

Individuals associated with specific places often acclaimed as saints.

116
Q

Martyrs

A

Saints executed for their Christian beliefs, often identified symbolically by their instrument of martyrdom.

117
Q

Relics

A

Corporeal remains of a saint - preserved a saints’ energy.

118
Q

Reliquaries

A

Containers for storage/display of relics.

119
Q

Praesentia

A

The physical presence of a holy person, required proximity to relics.

120
Q

Potentia

A

Receiving the fullest effects of a saints’ intercession, required proximity to a praesentia.

121
Q

Translation

A

The act of bringing a relic to a believer.

122
Q

Pilgrimage

A

A collective activity in the Middle Ages that involved an extensive journey to gain saints’ intercessions through praesentia.

123
Q

Ampulae

A

Lead containers to hold holy water.

124
Q

Pilgrim’s Badges

A

Objects that could be displayed on hats, clothing, and walking staves; denoted how many churches you had pilgrimaged to.

125
Q

Nave

A

Profane area of the church.

126
Q

Chancel/choir

A

Sacred area of the church.

127
Q

Aspe

A

Where the altar is placed.

128
Q

Chancel arch/choir screen

A

Separates the profane and the sacred.

129
Q

Torah Ark

A

Also known as the Aron Kodesh, a cabinet or recessed wall-space where Torah scrolls are kept.

130
Q

Bimah

A

Reader’s platform where Torah is placed.

131
Q

Mihrab

A

Decorated, recessed wall-niches in the qibla wall that faces Mecca.

132
Q

Muezzin

A

Makes the call to prayer

133
Q

Ambulatories

A

Permitted efficient movement of individuals past altars and chapels where relics are kept.

134
Q

Christian Familia

A

Everyone who followed Christianity shared responsibility for the morality and salvation of the entire Christian community.

135
Q

The Cult of the Saints

A

Replicated polytheism which newly Christianized peoples were familiar with.

136
Q

The Pardoner

A

Sanctioned by the Ecclesiastical Court to pardon sinners - for a price. Gave out ‘relics’ of saints made of animal bones and cut pieces of cloth.

137
Q

The Summoner

A

Brings persons accused of violating Church law to ecclesiastical court.

138
Q

Gothic Architecture

A

Characterized by ribbed walls, pointed arches, and flying buttresses. Thin walls and lots of large, windows that were often painted to infuse church interiors with Divine light.

139
Q

Cause papers

A

Records of cases of heard at York.

140
Q

Shire

A

Main unit of English local administration, usually used as a term for county and the county/shire court.

141
Q

Messuage

A

The unit of land tenure within a borough, typically comprising a house and property

142
Q

Borough

A

An urban settlement, usually fortified

143
Q

Palimpsest

A

In which old parchment has the ink scraped off and reused.

144
Q

Trancept

A

Site of secondary chapels, the second ‘arm’ of the Church or Cathedral that separated the profane and the sacred. Can be used as extra service rooms.

145
Q

Vestry

A

Priest’s ‘apartment’ in the past, and now a storage space that holds extra materials needed for service.

146
Q

Incunabula/incunable

A

Printed books in Europe produced before 1500

147
Q

Humanism

A

Philosophical movement in the late Middle Ages & Renaissance that embraced critical thought and human potential through evolution of antique culture and literature

148
Q

Octavo

A

Small, inexpensive editions of Greek/Roman classics popular with university students for their size and cost

149
Q

Chivalry

A

Moral system that embraced rules of combat, conduct and interpersonal relationships in a Christian sense. Popular in High Middle Ages.

150
Q

Minster Church

A

Populated by priests and interacted with the lay-populace to give pastoral service.

151
Q

Chanson de geste

A

Song of heroic deeds, early medieval French epic poem. Often associated with Charlemagne.

152
Q

Knight

A

Soldier who served their lord in exchange for land; bound by the ideal Chivalric code and Christian schema. Preserves order through loyalty.

153
Q

Courtly Love

A

Performative and ceremonial love between knights and women of higher strata that does not and cannot become physical.

154
Q

Liber Eliensis

A

Specifies the date of Ely’s refoundation in 970 CE and the endowments themselves, including lands, precious textiles and gold and silver objects.

MEDI 100 (4 decks)

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