deck_17048335

Question 1

what is extinction?

Answer 1

withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response.

Question 2

what is extinction mainly used for?

Answer 2

to eliminate the connection between the behavior and the consequences that follow.

Question 3

what happens to a response undergoing extinction?

Answer 3

it eventually decreases in frequency until it returns to its pre-reinforcement level or is eliminated.

Question 4

what are some types of reinforcement for behaviors?

Answer 4

• attention
• escape
• avoidance
• automatic/self-stimulatory

Question 5

how many sources of reinforcement can there be?

Answer 5

there can be many.

Question 6

what usually happens to a reinforcer in usual cases?

Answer 6

it does not stop completely (extinction) but follows once in a while or rarely (intermittent reinforcement).

Question 7

what usually happens with extinction?

Answer 7

it usually changes gradually, particularly after intermittent reinforcement.

Question 8

why is extinction difficult to use for self-injurious behavior?

Answer 8

it is concerning because if extinction is gradual, they still can hurt themselves while we are phasing out that behavior.

Question 9

what are extinction bursts?

Answer 9

• an increase in responding at the beginning of the extinction period
• a burst of responses does not always occur at the beginning of extinction but has been evident in many programs

Question 10

why does positive reinforcement along with extinction work?

Answer 10

it helps to promote desirable behavior and reduce the likelihood of extinction bursts.

Question 11

what is increase in variability of the behavior?

Answer 11

behavior may increase in intensity or frequency.

Question 12

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 12

• the temporary recurrence of a non-reinforced response during extinction
• major concern is that this response will be accidentally reinforced

Question 13

what is a side effect of extinction?

Answer 13

• emotional responses such as agitation, frustration, rage, aggression, and feelings of failure
• likely to be temporary and diminish as the target response extinguishes

Question 14

what type of extinction is usually used in most applied settings?

Answer 14

extinction of positively reinforced behaviors.

Question 15

how can the elimination of problem behaviors be sped up?

Answer 15

combining extinction with positive reinforcement for prosocial behavior.

Question 16

why are operant behaviors focused on in applied settings?

Answer 16

because they are influenced by antecedents and maintained by their consequences.

Question 17

in applied settings, extinction is usually used for behaviors that have been maintained by blank.

Answer 17

positive reinforcement.

Question 18

what happens if something was intermittently reinforced?

Answer 18

it will take longer for extinction to occur.

Question 19

the greater the amount of a particular reinforcer given for a response, the greater the blank to extinction.

Answer 19

resistance of the response.

Question 20

what happens the longer responses have been reinforced?

Answer 20

the greater the resistance to extinction.

Question 21

what happens if a behavior has been extinguished in the past?

Answer 21

extinction will happen faster.

Question 22

what must happen to reinforcers maintaining behavior during extinction?

Answer 22

they must be identified and withheld.

Question 23

what happens to a strong motivating operation?

Answer 23

extinction happens slowly and vice versa.

Question 24

what is empirical observation/FBA usually used for?

Answer 24

determining which reinforcer is maintaining a behavior.

Question 25

why does quantity and quality of a reinforcer matter?

Answer 25

• a good reinforcer extinguishes slowly that something that is mildly reinforcing
• you really persist if it is something you want

Question 26

what happens if a reinforcer has compulsive elements?

Answer 26

it is harder to extinguish.

Question 27

what happens with low motivating operations?

Answer 27

they reach critical points faster.

Question 28

in what cases is extinction not helpful?

Answer 28

where sources of reinforcement are not always easily controlled or eliminated even if they could be identified.

Question 29

what is extinction of negatively reinforced behavior?

Answer 29

• behaviors that are maintained because they escape or avoid an event or consequence
• it is extinction when a behavior occurs but does not need to reinforcement

Question 30

what is escape extinction?

Answer 30

the reinforcer (escape) does not follow the inappropriate behavior.

Question 31

what are some characteristics of escape demands?

Answer 31

• very powerful reinforcers
• difficult to use them when the behavior is dangerous
• can be extinguished by not removing the demands until there is compliance

Question 32

what influences the effectiveness of punishment?

Answer 32

• schedule of reinforcement
• immediacy
• magnitude/intensity
• timing of punishment in response sequence
• availability of alternative response

Question 33

how are avoidance responses developed and maintained usually?

Answer 33

• with anxiety
• very resistant to extinction

Question 34

how can anxiety be reduced?

Answer 34

remaining in the provoking situation long enough to allow the conditioned anxiety to extinguish.

Question 35

what is systematic desensitization?

Answer 35

• desensitization alters the valence of the conditioned stimuli so that they no longer elicit anxiety
• anxiety-eliciting conditioned stimuli are paired with non-anxiety states of the client
• relaxation training is usually used with this

Question 36

what is flooding?

Answer 36

• exposes the individual to the anxiety-provoking stimuli in full intensity, and this may continue for several minutes or hours
• at some point, the anxiety starts to diminish (habituation)
• one can track this by monitoring physiological arousal (as well as a verbal report) and see that at first anxiety is very high (e.g., fast heart rate, shortness of breath, panic)

Question 37

what is gradual exposure?

Answer 37

• presents individuals with a hierarchy of situations
• the individual works with the therapist to be exposed to low doses of anxiety or situations low on a hierarchy - - most commonly used technique

Question 38

what did many exposure-based techniques come from?

Answer 38

classical conditioning.

Question 39

what is experimental neurosis?

Answer 39

a procedure that leads to extreme agitation and anxiety.