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Embryo > Day 4 > Flashcards

Day 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle layer is affected during the menstrual cycle?

A

endometrium

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2
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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3
Q

On which day does the menstrual flow begin?

A

day 1

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4
Q

phase 1 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • menstrual phase
  • functional layer of the endometrium sheds off and is excreted
  • 4-5 days
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5
Q

phase 2 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • proliferative phase
  • endometrium doubles/triples in thickness due to secretion of estrogen by developing ovarian follicles
  • 9 days
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6
Q

when does ovulation normally occur?

A

day 14, midpoint of menstrual cycle

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7
Q

phase 3 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • secretory (luteal) phase
  • corresponds to development of corpus luteum
  • increased progesterone causes secretion by endometrial glands and further thickening of the endometrium
  • 13 days
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8
Q

phase 4 of the menstrual cycle

A
  • ischemic phase
  • no fertilization = steep decline in hormones and shrinking of endometrium
  • ischemia: lack of blood flow due to spiral arteries buckling and kinking
  • initiates shed of functional layer
  • 1 day
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9
Q

When does menstruation resume after pregnancy?

A

6-10 weeks after termination of pregnancy

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10
Q

what can delay the return of menstruation?

A

breastfeeding

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11
Q

what structure sweeps the released secondary oocyte into the infundibulum during oocyte transport?

A

fimbriae

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12
Q

what action allows the secondary oocyte to pass through the uterine tube toward the uterus?

A

peristalsis

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13
Q

Where is seminal fluid produced?

A

prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

What substance allows sperm to survive in the female reproductive tract?

A

alkaline, produced by seminal vesicle, neutralizes vaginal acidity to allow survival of sperm

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15
Q

emission

A

passage of sperms and seminal fluid to the prostatic urethra via peristalsis

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16
Q

ejaculation

A

the expulsion of sperms and seminal fluid through the external urethral oriface, due to contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle

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17
Q

Where are sperms deposited during sexual intercourse?

A

around external os of the uterus

18
Q

What part of the sperm allows it to pass through the uterus?

A

tail and uterine contractions

19
Q

What substance is nourishment for sperm?

A

fructose, contained in the seminal fluid

20
Q

What happens to the cervical mucus during ovulation?

A

becomes more watery (viscous)

21
Q

capacitation

A

7 hour period where sperms pause in the isthmus of the uterine tube to finish maturation

22
Q

acrosome reaction

A

perforations of the acrosome that occur when a capacitated sperm comes in contact with the corona radiata surrounding a secondary oocyte

23
Q

How can sperm penetrate the oocyte?

A

acrosome reaction releases enzymes, sperm can penetrate oocyte and fuse with its cell membrane

24
Q

What is the maximum life span of a sperm?

A

~48 hours

25
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

ampulla

26
Q

first phase of fertilization

A

penetration of the sperm through the corona radiata

27
Q

second phase of fertilization

A

penetration of the sperm through the zona pellucida

28
Q

How are phases 1 and 2 of fertilization facilitated?

A

enzymes released from acrosome of the sperm

29
Q

phase 3 of fertilization

A

zona reaction

30
Q

zona reaction

A

zona pellucida is penetrated by sperm, reaction occurs which makes it impermeable to other sperms

31
Q

phase 4 of fertilization

A
  • fusion of cell membranes of sperm and oocyte
  • sperm head and tail enter the oocyte while cell membrane is left behind
32
Q

phase 5 of fertilization

A
  • completion of second meiotic division of oocyte
  • results in formation of the mature oocyte and second polar body
33
Q

What becomes the female pronucleus during phase 5 of fertilization?

A

the nucleus of the mature oocyte

34
Q

phase 6 of fertilization

A
  • formation of male pronucleus
  • happens through enlargement of the nucleus of the sperm
  • oocyte contains two unfused pronuclei
35
Q

ootid

A

oocyte that contains the two unfused pronuclei

36
Q

phase 7 of fertilization

A
  • formation of zygote
  • through fusion of the haploid male and female pronuclei to form a single diploid
37
Q

When does meiosis end?

A

when cleavage of the zygote begins

38
Q

When does cleavage occur?

A

as the zygote passes along the uterine tube toward uterus

39
Q

blastomeres

A

rapid mitotic divisions that produce cells that become smaller with each division

40
Q

compaction

A

after the third cleavage, blastomeres form a compact ball of cells held together by tight junctions

41
Q

When does the zygote enter the uterus?

A

3 days after fertilization, blastomeres form 16 cell morula

Embryo (4 decks)

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