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Block 6 > Cytokines & Virus classes (advanced editing) > Flashcards

Cytokines & Virus classes (advanced editing) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mnemonic “hot T-bone steak”?

A
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2
Q

What cells secrete IL-1? What does it do?

A

Macrophages

  1. Fever (remember “hot T-bone steak”)
  2. Activates the endothelium to express adhesion molecules (Adhesion molecules are ICAM, VCAM on endothelial cells that bind to integrins of neutrophils/ macrophages to stop them in their tracks so they can then migrate across the vessel wall and get into tissue to fight an infection.)
  3. Recruits WBCs by causing cytokine secretion
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3
Q

What cells secrete IL-6? What does it do?

A

Macrophages

  1. Causes fever
  2. Stimulates production of acute phase proteins (from the liver) (remember “Hot T-bone steak”)
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4
Q

What cells secrete IL-8? What does it do?

A

Macrophages

recruits neutrophils

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5
Q

Neutrophils are attracted by what 4 things?

A
  1. LTB4 (leukotriene B4)
  2. C5a
  3. IL-8
  4. Bacterial products
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6
Q

What cells secrete IL-12? What does it do?

A

Macrophages

  1. Activates NK cells
  2. Induces differentiation of CD4 T-cells into Th1 T-cells
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7
Q

What cells secrete TNF-alpha? What does it do? Also, what role does this cytokine play in cancer, TB, sepsis?

A

Macrophages

1. Activates edothelium

2. Vascular leak

3. Recruits WBCs

**also causes cachexia (weight/ muscle loss) in cancer and maintains granulomas in TB. Can also mediate sepsis (along with IL-1 and 6).

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8
Q

What cells secrete IL-2? What does it do?

A

all T-cells

  1. Activates NK cells
  2. Stimulates growth of T-cells (CD4, CD8, and T-reg) (remember “Hot T-bone steak”)
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9
Q

What cells secrete IL-3? What does it do?

A

all T-cells

Promotes growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (*functions like GM-CSF, or granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor)

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10
Q

What cells secrete INF-gamma? What does it do?

A

NK cells & Th1 cells (in response to antigen or IL-12 from macrophages bc IL-12 stimulates NK cells and differentiation of CD4 T-cells—> Th1)

  1. Stimulates macrophages to kill phagocytosed pathogens
  2. Inhibits differentiation to Th2 cells

**also activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells and increases MHC expression and antigen-presentation by all APCs.

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11
Q

What cells secrete IL-4? What does it do?

A

Th2 cells

  1. Induces differentiation of CD4 T-cells into Th2
  2. Promotes growth of B-cells
  3. Class switching to IgG, IgE “For (IL-4–>) my G.E. (IgG, IgE) I took Bio 5A (IL-5–> IgA).”
    * (also remember “Hot T-bone steak”)*
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12
Q

What cells secrete IL-5? What does it do?

A

Th2 cells

  1. Stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils
  2. Promotes growth and differentiation of B-cells
  3. Class switching to IgA “For (IL-4–>) my G.E. (IgG, IgE) I took Bio 5A (IL-5–> IgA).”
    * (also remember “Hot T-bone steak”)*
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13
Q

What cells secrete IL-10? What does it do?

A

Th2 cells and T-reg. cells

Decreases expression of/ inhbits Th1, macrophages, dendritic cells, MHC II

Attenuates (decreases) the inflammatory response

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14
Q

What 2 cytokines attenuate (decrease) the inflammatory response?

A

TGF-beta and IL-10

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15
Q

What cells secrete INF-alpha and INF-beta? What does it do?

A

Infected cells

protects neighboring cells from viruses (“primes them” for viral defense by helping to degrade viral nucleic acid and protein)

”InterFERON INTERFERES with viruses”

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16
Q

IL-4 and IL-5 (released from Th2 cells) promote class switching of IgM antibodies produced by B-cells. What type of antibodies do these cytokines promote class switching to?

A

IL-4—> IgG, IgE

IL-5—> IgA

”For (IL-4) my G.E. (IL-4–> IgG, IgE) I took Bio 5A (IL-5–> IgA)”

17
Q

What interferon cytokines are released by infected cells in response to VIRUSES?

A

INF alpha and beta

(they are released to protect neighboring cells from viruses)

18
Q

In response to viral infections, infected cells release INF-alpha and INF-beta to protect neighboring cells from the virus. HOW do these cytokines protect neighboring cells?

A

IFN-alpha and beta (released by virus-infected cells) protect neighboring cells from viruses by helping them to degrade/ decrease viral nucleic acid and protein.

19
Q

Name the naked (non-enveloped) DNA viruses (include class and the specific viruses that fall under that class).

A

Parvovirus (B19), Adenovirus, Papillomavirus (HPV), Polyomavirus (JC virus and BK virus)

20
Q

Name the enveloped DNA viruses (include class and the specific viruses that fall under that class).

A

Hepadnavirus (Hep B), Herpes virus (HSV 1 & 2, VZV, EBV, CMV, and HHV 6 & 8), and Pox virus (Variola Virus= SmallPox, Cow virus, Molluscum Contagiosum virus)

21
Q

All DNA viruses are double stranded except 1. Which one?

A

Parvovirus B19

22
Q

All DNA viruses have linear genomes except 3. Which 3 DNA viruses have circular genomes?

A

Papilloma, Polyoma, and Hepadna virus.

23
Q

All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except 1. Which one replicates in the cytoplasm?

A

Poxvirus

24
Q

Name the (+)sense naked (non-enveloped) RNA viruses (include class and the specific viruses that fall under that class).

A

Picornovirus (Polio virus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsachievirus, and Hep A *remember “PERCH”), Calcivirus (Norovirus), and Hepevirus (Hep E)

25
Q

Name the (+)sense enveloped RNA viruses (include class and the specific viruses that fall under that class).

A

Togavirus (Rubella, EEEV, WEEV), Flavivirus (Hep C, mosquito viruses: Yellow fever, Dengue fever, St. Louis Encephalitis, West Nile, Zika virus), Coronavirus (SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, MERS: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), Retrovirus (HIV)

26
Q

Name the (-)sense enveloped RNA viruses (include class and the specific viruses that fall under that class).

A

Rhabovirus (Rabies), Filovirus (Ebola, Marburg), Bunyavirus (Calfornia Encephalitis, Hemorrhagic Fever: Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Hem. Fever, and Hantavirus), Orthomyxovirus (influenza), Paramyxovirus (Paraflu, RSV, Measles, and Mumps), Arenavirus (Lassa Fever, LCMV- Lymphacytic Choriomeningitis Virus), and Deltavirus (Hep D)

27
Q

All RNA viruses are linear except for 3. What are the 3 circular genome RNA virus?

A

”BAD”: Bunyavirus, Arenavirus, Deltavirus

28
Q

Which 4 RNA viruses are segmented?

A

“BOAR”: Bunyavirus (3), Orthomyxovirus (8), Arenavirus (2), and Reovirus (11)

(in parenthesis is the number of segments)

29
Q

All RNA viruses are single stranded except 1. Which one is double stranded?

A

Reovirus

30
Q

All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except 2. Which 2 replicate in the nucleus?

A

Retrovirus and Orthomyxovirus

Block 6 (8 decks)

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