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bio 1001 > cycle 9 > Flashcards

cycle 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolutionary/phylogenetic tree

A

a hypothesis describing the evolutionary relationships of species or any group of organisms. Shows evolutionary history

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2
Q

A hypothesis on evolution of humans

A

Ernst Haeckel in 1879
Lowest on tree is least complex, highest (man) is highly complex
This is proven to be incorrect

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3
Q

LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor

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4
Q

Ends of tree: tips/leaves

A
  • Species or groups of organisms existing in the present = extant
  • Tips are labelled
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5
Q

Where lines meet: node

A

Represent a common ancestor (over time). Most recent node is at top.

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6
Q

Rooting the tree

A

shows oldest part of the tree

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7
Q

out group

A

organisms that has nothing to do with the organisms in tree, however, is oldest of all organisms. earliest to branch off

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8
Q

monophyletic clade

A

all descendants of a common ancestor

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9
Q

most recent common ancestor

A

shows organisms that are more closely related

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10
Q

backbone trait

A

derived trait of animals (trait evolved after the ancestors of animals)

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11
Q

ancestral trait

A

evolved BEFORE most recent common ancestor of a group. present in most common ancestor. NOT informative

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12
Q

derived trait

A

evolved AFTER the most recent common ancestor of a group

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13
Q

lost traits

A

not all members have an ancestral trait

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14
Q

parsimony

A

simplest/shortest explanation is most likely

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15
Q

shared trait

A

shared by at least 2 closely related members. not a unique trait

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16
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared/derived. useful for determining evolutionary relationships

17
Q

Homoplasies

A

similarities don’t always correspond to relatedness (misleading traits)
-Don’t always share same recent common ancestor (developed independently)

18
Q

convergent evolution

A

Evolutionary misleading similarity despite distant evolutionary relationship

19
Q

Divergent evolution

A

misleading dissimilarity despite close evolutionary relationship

20
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

includes all taxa that descend from a common ancestor

bio 1001 (3 decks)

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