Cutaneous and Mucosal Immune Systems + Vaccination Flashcards
What is Waldeyer’s Ring?
The ring of lymphoid tissues around the entrance of the gut/airway
Formed by Tonsils and Adenoids
Two forms of lymphatics found in the gut
Organized
Single Lymphoid Follicles
Purpose of M cells?
Specialized to transport microorganisms to gut-associated lymphoid tissues
Two examples of built-in secondary lymphoid tissues of the gut
Peyer’s Patches
Colonic Patches
Describe the functional relationship of M cells and Peyer’s Patches
M cells capture bacteria from the gut lumen, deliver it and their antigens to dendritic cells/lymphocytes of Peyer’s Patch
Antibody that works in the intestinal lumen? How?
IgA
Enters via transcytosis across epithelial cells
What binding molecule aids IgA in transcytosis?
PIgR
Polymerized IG A Receptor
How do dendritic cells capture gut antigens?
DCs can extend processes across the epithelial cell layer to capture antigens from the gut lumen
How do gut homing T cells make it work?
Bind to interstitial vascular endothelium, enter lam. pro.
In LP, gut-homing T cells bind chemokines of intestinal epit.
Effector cells found in healthy intestinal epithelium
Tregs
CD8, CD4, Plasma, Mast, Macro, DC
How is IgG transported from the gut to the lumen?
FcRn
M cells work in what three locations
Peyer’s
Adenoids
Tonsils
Three types of vaccines utilized?
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
DNA/Recombinant Vaccines
How might an attenuated virus be generated?
Pathogenic virus isolated from human cells
Virus is grown in monkey cell culture
Cell mutates/adapts to monkey cells
These no longer grow well in humans, use for vaccine
Active Immunity is…
Development of antibodies in response to injected foreign antigen
(Vaccination)
Passive Immunity is…
Using antibodies from a donor and transferring them in order to provide immediate protection
Children
Hepatitis B
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
Birth
1-2 months
6-18 months
Subunit Vaccine
Children
Rotavirus
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
2 months
4 months
6 months
Attenuated Virus/Recombinant Live Virus
Children
DTaP
Vaccine Date(s)?
2 months 4 months 6 months 15-18 months 4-6 years
Children
Tdap
Vaccine Date(s)?
11-12 years
Children
Hemoph. flu AND Pneumococcal Conjugate (PCV13)
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
2 months
4 months
6 months
12-18 months
Polysaccharide conjugated to protein
Children Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV) Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
2 months
4 months
6 months-19 months
4-6 years
Attenuated or Killed Virus
Children
Influenza
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
Annually after age of 6 months
Inactivated Virus
Children
MMR AND Varicella
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
12-18 months
4-6 years
Attenuated Virus
Children
Hepatitis A
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
Two doses between age 1 and 2
Subunit Vaccine
Children
HPV
Vaccine Date(s)? Type?
11-12 years
(3 dose series)
Subunit Vaccine
Children
Meningococcus
Vaccine Date(s)?
11-12 years
16-17 years
Varicella vaccine prevents
Chicken Pox
DTaP vaccine presents
Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
Hib Vaccine prevents
Hemophilus influenzae type b
MMR vaccin prevents
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
IPV vaccine prevents
Polio
RV vaccine prevents against
Rotavirus
______ Polio virus is no longer recommended for routine immunization in the US
Oral
Who gets pneumovax?
Old people and high risk patients (sickle cell, HIV, IC, asthma, smokers)
Two examples of a toxoid vaccine?
Diptheria
Tetanus
Types of vaccine in DTaP?
Diptheria – Toxoid
Tetanus – Toxoid
Pertussis – Killed Bacteria (toxoid+other antigens)
What vaccines do you avoid giving to a pregnant or IC person? Why?
MMR, Polio, Varicella
Live attenuated viruses may be able to take hold in an immunocompromised patient
What is unique about the live-attenuated vaccine against salmonella typhi?
Mutagenesis and selection for loss of the LPS necessary for pathogenesis
Why use a conjugate vaccine?
Polysaccharides cannot activate T cells
Only proteins for MHC presentation
No Ts = No high affinity B action
What happens when a conjugate vaccine is utilized?
B cells take sin polysaccharide with attached toxoid
Peptides from toxoid are presented to T cell
T activates B
B differentiates into a plasma cell that makes tons of anti-polysacch.
Two typical components of a Vaccine
Antigen and Adjuvant
Two functions of adjuvants?
Activate cells (APC, B, T, tissue cells) Sustained release of antigens (alum or oil)
How do alum/oil lead to the sustained release of antigens?
Enhance antigen uptake by the APC
Slow release is beneficial
benefits of using vaccines with adjuvants?
Less active component required
Less repeat vaccinations
Help weak immune systems (old and young)
Most prevalent Adjuvant
Alum
With multiple immunizations, Ig___ will increase response/affinity. Ig __ will stay the same.
IgG goes up
IgM does not
Antibodies produced in an unimmunized primary reaction? Immunized donor secondary response?
1 – Ig GAME
2 – Ig GAE
Risk of vaccination?
Live attenuated viruses can revert to become pathogenic
Don’t give these vaccines to immunocompromised people
Adult
Influenze
Vaccine Date(s)?
Once Annually
Adult
Tetanus
Vaccine Date(s)?
Tdap booster every 10 years
Adult
Varicella
Vaccine Date(s)?
Two doses at some point?
Adult
HPV
Vaccine Date(s)?
3 doses btw 19-26
Adult
Zoster
Vaccine Date(s)?
One at Age 60+
Adult
MMR
Vaccine Date(s)?
Booser of 1-2 doses between 19-55
Adult Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Date(s)?
Dose above 65 years
Possible adverse effect associated with Hep B
Anaphylaxis
Possible adverse effect associated with Meases vaccine
Thrombocytopenia
Anapy. + Disseminated Disease in IC
Possible adverse effect of DTP
Chronic Encephalopathy
Possible adverse effects of tetanus-toxoid contianing vaccines?
Guillain Barre syndrome
Brachial Neuritis
Anaphylaxis
List five new technologies in vaccine design.
Gene Clinic
Genetic engineering to make attenuated mutant strands
Trying with epitopes, rather than whole proteins
DNA vaccine
Add in cytokines to boost Th1 response