Cultures Flashcards
Definition of culture according to Taylor
“Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and habits and any capabilities acquired by man as a member of society”.
Definition of culture according to Linton
Culture is social heredity, which is transmitted from one generation to another with the accumulation of individual experiences
Definition of culture according to John Beattee
“Culture is the way of life which is transmitted from generation to generation”.
From (blank) (blank) we understand material and physical objects. For instance, house, road, vehicles, pen, table, radio set, book etc. these are the products of human efforts to control his environment and make his life conformable and safe.
Material Culture
In (blank) (blank) we include (non) (blank) objects. For example religion, art, ideas, customs, values system, attitudes, knowledge etc. it does not have physical shape. It is very important in determining human behavior and has strong hold on an individual. Both parts are inter-related with each other.
Non-material Culture, non material
(Blank) (Blank) is the values, norms, and beliefs that a society actually follows. ex. Marriage often ends for divorce
Real Culture
(Blank) (Blank) would be one in which no one lies, cheats, or steals, no citizen ever commits a crime, and marriage is a monogamous life-long commitment based on love.
Ideal Culture
The CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE are
Culture is learned.
Culture is shared.
Culture is transmitted.
Culture is changing
What type of characteristic of a culture is this?
Most of the behavior is learned in society. This learning might be conscious or unconscious but no body can deny the process of learning. Culture is something learnt and acquired eg wearing clothes or dancing. It is not something natural to the person
Culture is learned
Why type of characteristic of a culture is this?
All the traits, attitudes, ideas, knowledge and material objects like radio, television and automobiles etc is actually shared by members of society.
Culture is shared
Why type of characteristic of a culture is this?
It is transmitted from one generation to another through the medium of language, verbal or non-verbal through the gestures or signs. orally or in writing
Culture is socially transmitted through language.
Why type of characteristic of a culture is this?
All the culture traits and objects are transmitted among the members of society continually. Most of the cultural traits and material objects are transmitted to the members of the society from their forefathers. We learn. new fashion, how to move in society and how to behave in a particular social situation.
Culture is transmitted
Why type of characteristic of a culture is this?
Culture never remains static but changing. It is changing in every society, but with different speed and causes. It constantly under goes change and adapts itself to the environments.
Culture is changing
These are the guidelines people are supposed to follow in their relation with one another.
NORMS
they indicate what people should or should not do in specific situation
NORMS
-they indicate the standard of propriety. morality, legality, and ethics of a society that are covered by sanctions when violation are made
NORMS
Social norms
These are everyday habits; customs, traditions and conventions people obey without giving much thought to the matter
Folkways
Social Norms
These are the norms people consider vital to their wellbeing and most cherished values; they are special customs with moral and ethical significance, which are strongly held and emphasized
Mores
Social Norms
These are formalized norms enacted by people vested with: legitimate authority.
Laws
Sociologists define (Blank) (Blank) as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social institutions. These changes occur over time and often have profound and long-term consequences for society.
Means your social behavior changed, your social relations of a society and in every generation is different. From one gen to another gen.
Social change
(Blank) generally signifies moving forward in al positive manner, while (Blank) doesn’t necessarily always imply altering for the good
Progress, Change
Social Change may be planned or unplanned
plans, programmes and projects are made effective to bring change in the society. This is called planned change. As it is (Blank sentence) made, there is every possibility to have (Blank sentence) of change.
For example, the five years plan made by the government.
The unplanned changes are spontaneous, accidental or the product of sudden decision. Usually the change resulting from (blank sentence) etc. are the instances of unplanned changes. Here in this unplanned change there is no (blank sentence) social change
consciously and deliberately, control on the speed and direction, natural calamities like flood: drought, famines, volcanic eruption, control on the degree and direction
Factors affecting the social change
•Demographic Factors
•Cultural factors
•Science and Technology factors
•Socio-economic Factors
•Geographical Factors
•Political Factors
- The population increase or decrease always brings social problems. When the birth-rate in a society exceeds death- rate, population begins to rise.
- A constantly rising population gives birth to poverty, unemployment, disease and several other related problems
- The social conditions deteriorate the size of families shrink and it affects the social relations.
Demographic Factors
- The (blank) (blank) also play a role in bringing about social change. Our social life depends upon our beliefs, ideas, values, customs, conventions, institutions and the like. When there is a change in these, it influences the social life. For example, let us consider the system of marriage..
- The relations between the parents and children have undergone a big change. The new love and need for working couples has acted as a source of big change in family relations and culture. Thus, socio-economic and cultural factors always act as big and formidable factors of social change
Cultural factors
Science and Technology factors: Two important sources
•Invention of automobile
•Discovery of modern medicines.
- Marx said that the entire social structure of a country is determined by economic factors ie the means of production and distribution (social organization]
- The birth of the institutions of marriage and family took place under the influence of the means of production of material means of livelihood with the birth of family wealth and possessions became important
Socio-economic Factors
1 The cultural life of the people depends upon the physical environment Progress also depends upon the availability of natural resources, their exploitation
2 The climate always affects the socio-economic activities of the people. For instance, there is little economic activity at both poles (North and South) due to intense and long spells of cold the speed of social change remains negligible On the other hand, there is always an intense activity in temperate regions (neither too cold nor too warm), and consequently the speed of social changes is quite fast
Geographical Factors
The state is the most powerful organization with the power to formulate new laws, cancel old ones to bring social change in the society. Laws regarding child marriage, widow remarriage, divorce, inheritance and succession, untouchability bring many changes in the social structure of a society. The type of political leadership and individuals in power also influence the rate and direction of social change
Political Factors
It refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad .
Human Cultural Variation
CULTURAL VARIATION
Religion
Ethnicity
Nationality
is a system of beliefs and practices as well as systems of actions directed toward entities which are above men
RELIGION
