Crucial stuff Flashcards
Causes of hypernatraemia
4 D's Drips (NaCl) Drugs Dehydration Diabetes insipidus (too little ADH/not responsive so piss out a load of water)
Categories of hyponatraemia
Hypovolaemic
Euvolaemic
Hypervolaemic
Causes of hypokalaemia
DIRE Drugs (loop and thiazide diuretics) Insufficient intake Renal tubular acidosis Endocrine (Cushing's)
Causes of hyperkalaemia
DREAD Drugs (potassium sparing diuretics) Renal failure Endocrine (Addison's) Artefact (common, due to clotting) DKA
Signs of respiratory distress
Increased RR Use of accessory muscles Intercostal and subcostal recessions Nasal flaring Head bobbing Tracheal tugging Cyanosis Abnormal airway noises
What is the sound of wheeze and what causes it?
Whistling
Obstruction
Asthma and bronchiolitis
What is the sound of stridor and what causes it?
Inspiratory high pitched noise
Caused by obstruction (often croup)
What is grunting and what causes it?
Breathing out with the glottis slightly closed to increase end expiratory pressure
What is the pathophysiology of thalassaemia?
Issue with B globin chains
Major = no B globin chains at all (frontal bossing etc.)
Globin components of Hb?
2a and 2b
Mx of acute otitis media in a non-perforated eardrum of 4 yo
Safety netting and analgesia
Mx of acute otitis externa in non-complicated case
Antibiotics (topical ciprofloxacin)
