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Semester 2 Psych > Critical Thinking > Flashcards

Critical Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualising, synthesising, applying and evaluating information gathered from observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication

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2
Q

What is the goal of critical thinking?

A

What is true and what to do - formatting beliefs and judgements and acting to achieve one’s own life goals using the best means possible - to make an argument and persuade

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3
Q

Who created the thinking hierarchy?

A

Bloom’s taxonomy - cognitive domain (2001)

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4
Q

What are higher order thinking skills?

A

Creating, evaluating, analysing

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5
Q

What are lower order thinking skills?

A

Applying, understanding, remembering

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6
Q

What is analysis?

A

Thinking how are complex social systems constructed and how they function and change

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7
Q

What are the 5 things that drive analysis?

A
  1. Dividing
  2. Integrating - finding common associations
  3. Comparing - considering parts of system in relation to each other
  4. Interpreting
  5. Explaining
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8
Q

What makes the analytical critical?

A

A balance of:
Depth of detail given
Complexity of argument within the available space
Integration of argument
Contextual awareness
Inclusion of multiple alternatives

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9
Q

What makes a critical thinker? (7 things)

A
  1. Self-regulation and awareness
  2. Resilience and diligence
  3. Curiosity and questioning
  4. Openness to new and alternative ideas
  5. Intrinsic motivation towards learning and thinking
  6. Tendency to suspend and revise judgement
  7. Intellectual humility
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10
Q

Which typology can be used to structure critical questions?

A

Socratic

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11
Q

What are the functions of Socratic questions?

A

Clarifying - can you give me an example
Examining - why / how
Challenging and extending

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12
Q

What are the 4 subsections to challenging and extending?

A
  1. Identifying assumptions - reveal unstated presumptions
  2. Identifying implications - reveal ways argument can be developed beyond its conclusion
  3. Creating alternatives - develop alternative reasoning and conclusions
  4. Meta-questions - questions about the question itself
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13
Q

What is an argument?

A

Premise + conclusion

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14
Q

When did arguing become popular?

A

1970s

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15
Q

What is contention - argument map

A

The main issue or topic under consideration

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16
Q

What is reason - argument mapping

A

Information with directly supports the contention

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17
Q

What is objection?

A

Information which goes against the reason

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18
Q

What is the rebuttal?

A

Information which provides a counter objection to the objection

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19
Q

Argument map diagram

A

Contention
| |
Reason Objection
| | | | Reason Objection Reason Rebuttal

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20
Q

What is a fallacy?

A

Error is argument

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21
Q

What is non-sequitur?

A

The logic of the argument appears clearly mistaken

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22
Q

What is appeal to authority?

A

Linking a high status person to your point to make it sound better informed

23
Q

What is slippery slope?

A

Inferring an unlikely chain of events that leads to a serious consequence

24
Q

What is inferring causality?

A

Suggesting A caused B when they are simply coincidental or likely to be correlated

25
Q

What is argument from ignorance?

A

If we can’t prove something then it is false, if we can’t disprove it, it is true

26
Q

What is shifting burden of proof?

A

Making your opponent prove their point rather than you having to prove yours

27
Q

What is straw man?

A

Critiquing an altered version of your opponent’s argument

28
Q

What is ad populum?

A

Appeal to the majority - claiming that if many people agree with something then it must be true

29
Q

What is false binary?

A

Suggesting a limited number of choices when there are none

30
Q

What is ad hominem?

A

To the person - attacking a person making the argument not the point itself

31
Q

What is petito principil?

A

Taking for granted / begging the question - using the conclusion as the premise in an argument without questioning it

32
Q

What is faulty generalisation?

A

Representing a diverse group of people with a single representation

33
Q

What is analysis?

A

Explaining the structure and functioning of complex systems

34
Q

What is creativity and questioning?

A

Forming new questions and connections

35
Q

What are evaluations?

A

Making judgements according to criteria

36
Q

What is reasoning and argument?

A

Using reasons to support a conclusion in a form that can be shared with others

37
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

Being ware of and managing our own thinking

38
Q

What is evidence?

A

Engaging with the research and critical thinking of others

39
Q

What 2 points to ethical principles stem from?

A

Consequentialism - results-based ethics (considers the consequences of actions)
2. Deontology - duty-based ethics (considers the qualities of the actions themselves, independent of the consequences)

40
Q

When did people start realising participants had rights?

A

WWII

41
Q

When did modern, formalised codes of research ethics begin?

A

1970s

42
Q

When did ethically questionable research occur until?

A

1980s

43
Q

How long was Tuskegee Syphilis study meant to go on for and how long did it go on for?

A

6 months went on for 40years

44
Q

Who were studied in Tuskegee Syphilis study?

A

600 impoverished rural African American men

45
Q

How many people had a disease in this study?

A

400 did
200 did not

46
Q

Name the 6 ethics principles?

A
  1. Consent
  2. Deception
  3. Debriefing
  4. Right to withdraw from experiment
  5. Confidentiality
  6. Protection of participants
47
Q

Who regulates ethical behaviour in psychological research?

A

British psychological society code of human and animal research document

48
Q

The BPS code of conduct is based off 4 fundamental principles:

A
  1. Respect for autonomy and dignity of persons
  2. Scientific value
  3. Social responsibility
  4. Maximise benefit / minimise harm
49
Q

What is scientific value?

A

Research should be performed in such a way that it ensures quality and integrity

50
Q

What is social responsibility?

A

Knowledge must be generated and used for beneficial purposes and contribute to the common good

51
Q

What is maximise benefit minimise harm?

A

Consider research from point of view of participants with the aim of avoiding potential risks to well being, mental health, personal values and dignity

52
Q

According to APA, when is it permissible to use deception?

A
  1. The research is important
  2. There are no alternatives
  3. There is no foreseeable harm to participants
53
Q

Researching with animals … What are the 3 R’s?

A
  1. Replace use of sentient animals
  2. Reduce the number of sentient animals
  3. Refine procedures to minimise suffering

Semester 2 Psych (5 decks)

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