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Protection of environment > Credit > Flashcards

Credit Flashcards

1
Q

Continuous preliminary disinfection must be performed when?

A

Continually during shedding of pathogenic agents from sick animals into the environment. Repeated during the disease process and continue with final focal disinfection

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2
Q

Physical disinfection includes

A

Heat, cold, desiccation, radiation, UV, ozone

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3
Q

Eutrophication, causes and consequences

A
  • Eutrophication is the mass development of planktonic algae, due to increased phosphorous and nitrogenous compounds.
  • Causes changes in the oxygen amount in water  leading to photosynthesis occurs at day but algae respiration at night
  • Consequence = oxygen increases during the day but decreases during the night.
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4
Q

Methods used for mechanical cleaning include

A
  • Mechanical methods
  • Hot water under pressure
  • Detergent (soda)

Up to 90% microorganisms are removed from the environment

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5
Q

Aim of preventative disinfection

A

Elimination of the pathogens, decrease bacterial load and improving the hygiene in animal housings

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6
Q

Preventative disinfection is performed when?

A
  • In continuous animal housings –> Minimally 2x a year
  • In “all in, all out” housings —> After every bath of animals
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7
Q

Important groups of synthetic insecticides, mechanism of action

A
  • Pyrethroids –> Na channel modulators, killing / knock out effect
  • Neonicotinoids: Neuroactive systemic insecticide
  • Carbamates –>
    Cholinesterase inhibitors
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbons –> Nerve poison
  • Fumigants –> Highly toxic. By inspiration of gas –> pest suffocate
  • Inorganic insecticides –> Cause accumulation of residues
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8
Q

Chemical rodenticides, division, characterization, using

A

1) Acute rodenticide
- Rapid acting – death within 6 – 24hours.
- Causing a reaction with HCl in stomach –> produce toxic hydrogen phosphide
- E.g., Zinc phosphide, aluminium phosphide
2) Subacute rodenticide
- Slower acting – death within 3 – 6 days
- Causing hypervitaminosis, death by heart attack due to calcium disturbances
3) Chronic rodenticide
- Slow acting – death within 4 – 10 days
- Anticoagulant. Prevent the blood from clotting –> bleeding to death
- E.g., warfarin, bromadiolone

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9
Q

Objects of disinfection

A

Disinfection of instruments, equipment, working clothes, footwear, air, water, excrements, soil, vehicles

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10
Q

Methods of rodent control

A
  • Mechanical: traps.
  • Physical: Elimination of food sources, water, sounds
  • Biological control: dogs and cats
  • Chemical control: rodenticides acute (6-24h), subacute (3-6 days), chronic (6-10 days, anticoagulants)
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11
Q

Why do mechanical cleaning?

A

For removal of organic, undesirable matter from surfaces that may protect MO from contact with the disinfectant (biofilm) in the animal house

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12
Q

Focal disinfection means?

A

Eradication of pathogens with focus on infection, to prevent / interrupt disease transmission

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13
Q

To sanitation includes?

A
  1. Disinfection
  2. Insect control
  3. Rodent control
  4. Proper disposal of wastes
  5. Removal and treatment of excrements, cadavers and hygiene of the environment
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14
Q

Stages of disinfection in focal disinfection

A
  1. Preparatory work
  2. Disinfection
  3. Mechanical cleaning
  4. Control of disinfection effectiveness
  5. Protocol
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15
Q

Control of disinfection effectiveness

A
  • Bacteriological method is the most objective indicator used
  • Microorganisms are controlled BEFORE and AFTER disinfection, using sterile swabs
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16
Q

Classification of insecticides is according to?

A
  • According to origin –> Plant derived or synthethic
  • According to effect on life cycle –> Ovicides, Larvicides or Adulticides
  • According to mode of action –> Systemic effect or residual effect
  • According to entry into organism –> Contact, stomach or respiratory poisons
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17
Q

What is pulsation method in rodent control and why is it used?

A
  • Pulsation method mean that you’re placing small amounts of toxic baits and repeat placing of beats after 6 – 7 days.
    • 20 – 80g for rats
    • 5 – 25g for mice
  • Method is used to reduced risk of secondary poisoning. Prevents accumulation of excessive dose of coagulant in the rodent body.
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18
Q

Specify residual effect on insecticides

A

That the insecticide remain effective to where they’ve been applied from a few days to several months, depending on:
- the dose
- type of formulation
- physical and chemical nature of surface

19
Q

Name 3 unstable disinfectant solutions

A
  • Chlorinated lime (33 - 36% active chlorine)
  • Persteril (32 - 36% peracetic acid)
  • Formalin (38 - 40% formaledhyde)
20
Q

Which indicator MOs are used to assess safety of drinking water and what is their acceptable level?

A
  • Coliform bacteria, E. coli and Enterococci

Acceptable levels
o For mass consumption: 0 in 100ml
o For individual consumption: 0 in 10ml

21
Q

Microbiological control of disinfection?

A
  • The most objective test; show efficiency of disinfection activities
  • Minimum 30 sterile swabs
  • With evaluation of either preventative (Quantitative) or focal (Qualitative) disinfection
22
Q

What unstable disinfectants do you know, and what are their applications?

A
  • Peracetic acid – (Persteril, min 15%, liquid). Used mainly in the food industry as a cleanser and disinfectant on meat to prevent mold growth (0,1%)
  • Formaldehyde – (Formalin min 30%) Used as an antiseptic (kills most bacteria and fungi) as well as being preservative. In liquid or vapour form
  • Chlorinated compound – (Powder, min 15%). Used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in spraying form
23
Q

Specify the stages of disinfection

A

1) Preparatory work
2) Mechanical cleaning – the most important
3) Disinfection
4) Deactivation – neutralization
5) Control of effectiveness (efficiency) of disinfection
6) Finish works

24
Q

Define the term “sanitation”

A
  • Sanitation is complex measures which are focused to removal, inactivation or killing of infectious agents from external environment.
25
Q

Lifecycle of insecticides (insects)?

A
  • Insecticides acting on insects according to the stage in their life cycle
  • Ovicides acts on eggs, larvicides act on larvae, adulticides acts on adults

Insect life cycle (metamorphosis) can be dividied into 3 types:
* Holometabolous: Larva is completely different from adult = complete metamorphosis. Egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult. E.g., fleas and flies

Hemimetabolous: Most common type of LC. Juveniles are similar to adult. Incomplete metamorphosis. Egg -> larva -> nymph -> adult. E.g., Tick, mite.

Ametabolous: No metamorphism. Immature stages look like adults but lack genitalia

26
Q

Describe bait boxes.

A
  • 6-7 diameter in size
  • Two openings (for escape)
  • Place that holds the bait
  • Box should be placed along walls
  • Able to withstand weather and protect bait from outside forces / intruders.
27
Q

What is secondary poisoning (concerning rodent control) and how do we prevent it?

A
  • When one animal eats a poisoned rodent.
  • Can be prevented by using pulsation method –> placing low amounts of toxic baits every 6 – 7days.
28
Q

How frequently can we use acute rodenticides (properties, using), to control rodents and why?

A
  • How and why: Can be used once a year due to being so toxic for environment.
  • Properties: Kill rodents within 6 - 24h. Rats die from heart failure.
  • Using: Zinc or aluminium phosphides is used

(Reaction with HCl in stomach –> produce toxic hydrogen phosphide)

29
Q

Chemical parameters in drinking water, what are their limits?

A
  • pH: 6.5 – 9.5
  • Ammonia: max 0,5mg/L
  • Nitrates: 50mg/L (adults), 15mg/L (young)
  • Nitrites: 0,1mg/L
  • Phosphates: 1mg/L
  • Iron: 0,2mg/L
  • Chlorides: 100mg/L
  • Active chlorine: 0,3mg/L
  • CODMn; 3mg/L
  • Dissolved oxygen (DO): 50% saturation in mass supply
30
Q

Which indicator microorganisms are used to assess effectiveness of disinfection in animal production

A

Enterobacteria or micrococci e.g., E. coli

31
Q

Mechanical cleaning: it’s importance, differences in 2 types of disinfection?

A
  • The most important stage of disinfection –> Prepares the surface that is to be disinfected
  • Can be either wet or dry (mechanical).
  • Up to 90% of the MO are removed by the environment (as preventative) by hot water / pressure.
32
Q

Which factors affect the effectiveness of disinfection in animal production?

A
  • Resistance of the MO’s to disinfectants (Gram- (more resistant)/Gram+)
  • The effectiveness of the disinfectant itself
  • Environmental factors –> temperature, organic matter, pH, humidity
  • Application factors –> solution concentration, quality, exposure time, method of application
  • Numbers of applications
33
Q

Define types of disinfection

A
  • Preventative disinfection –> Eradication of pathogenic MO with focusing of preventing growth or production that can have negative impact on animals + improving hygiene of housing.
  • Focal disinfection –> Eradication of pathogenic microorganisms with the focus of infection and interrupt the transmission of disease.
34
Q

Define the term “disinfection”.

A
  • Disinfection is the process of destroying pathogenic microorganisms, meaning elimination (remove, inactive, kill) of all microorganisms that can cause disease or affect the health of animals and human
35
Q

Which is the principal processes responsible for removal of nitrogen in waste water treatment?

A
  • Activated sludge
  • Nitrogen is removed microbiologically by ammonification and then by nitrification and denitrification
36
Q

Specify mechanism of effect of carbamate insecticides

A

They are acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitors, preventing the Ach from binding to the receptors in synapses of postsynaptic neuron  excessive Ach  leading to neurotoxicity and can progress to paralysis.

37
Q

Rodent control, importance.

A

Cause serious health hazard by contamination of food, equipment and utensils.

Involved in transmission of variety of diseases around the world.
- Serve as an intermediate host for parasites –> can infect humans
- Reservoirs od diseases –> Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, picked up by arthropod vectors and transmitted by bites
- Play a key role in transmission of diseases
- Directly transmits a pathogen to man through bites

38
Q

Microorganisms in air, airborne diseases transmission

A

Airborn microorganisms: Virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoas. Any respiratory pathogen that are able to survive aerosolization and air transport are considered a potential cause of airborn disease.
Airborn disease transmission:
1. Direct transmission of agent – by coughing, sneezing and deep breathing
2. Indirect transmission of airborn particles depending on presence of vectors which can be either a living animal or a fomite

39
Q

Specific the limit for nitrates (NO3) in drinking water and potential consequences of their increased levels

A
  • Nitrates (NO3-) has a maximum level in drinking water is 50 mg/l, and water for infants should be at 15 mg/l.
  • Nitrates is the final product of oxidation of nitrites and present in almost all water and indicates older faecal pollution.
  • Too high concentrations may cause methaemoglobinemia in infants (3-6 months).
40
Q

Insect control, importance

A

Insects control involves the following mechanisms;
- Kill insects outright
- Reduce reproductive capacity
- Slow the growth and development of insects

Methods:
- Mechanical methods = Killing of insect, fall traps etc.
- Physical methods = steam, heat, irradiation (make insect sterile)
- Biological methods = introduce natural enemies where they usually do not occur
- Chemical methods = insecticides into soil, housing or directly on animals

41
Q

What is pre-baiting in rodent control and when it is used?

A
  • It is when placing non-poisoned baits to create a high bait acceptance before the toxic bait is used.
  • After 2 – 3 days the rats will have learned to feed at these now poisoned places.
42
Q

Use of sanitation

A

Used as an antimicrobial measure on objects, surfaces or living tissue to reduce the number organisms to non-threatening levels (reduce risk of disease)

43
Q

Differences in preventative and focal disinfection

A

Preventative: Mechanical cleaning is carried out after removing of manure, all organix matter and dirt from animal houses.
Focal: Manure and organic matter must be disinfected before it is removed from the house

Protection of environment (1 decks)

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