Connective tissues

Question 1

classify the connective tissue

Answer 1

Question 2

list and describe general cell types in connective tissue

Answer 2

1. fibroblasts
   
   1. structure
      
      1. star shaped
      2. most numerous
   2. function
      
      1. prduce ECM
         
         1. proteoglycans
         2. glycoproteins
         3. procollagen
         4. elastin
      2. help in would repair
2. macrophages
   
   1. structure
      
      1. location dependent
         
         1. kupffer cells in the liver
         2. osteoclasts in bone
         3. microglial cells in CNS
      2. very granular
      3. many lysosomes
   2. function
      
      1. dependent on location
3. plasma cells
   
   1. structure
      
      1. from B lymphocytes
      2. cartwheel nucleus
      3. abundant ER and golgi
      4. mobile in matrix
   2. function
      
      1. synthesize and secrete Ig
4. mast cells
   
   1. structure
      
      1. have same progenitor as bone marrow
      2. blood vessels
      3. CT
   2. function
      
      1. produce
         
         1. heparin -anticoagulant
         2. histamine-vasodilator
5. adipocytes

Question 3

list 3 fiber types and last property of CT

Answer 3

1. fibers
   
   1. collagen
      
      1. most abundant
      2. parallel- strength
      3. soft and flexible- not elastic
      4. boiling turns in to gelatin
   2. elastin
      
      1. thin
      2. stretchy
   3. reticular fibers
      
      1. protein
         
         1. collagen
         2. glycoproteins
      2. similar to collagen, but thinner
      3. form reticular framework
   4. ground substance
      
      1. viscous material-gel like
         
         1. hyaluronic acid
         2. mucopolysacharide
         3. mucoproteins

Question 4

list tissue, types, location and function

Answer 4

1. embryonic CT
   
   1. structure
      
      1. mesenchyme
         
         1. location
            
            1. found in embryo
         2. contents
            
            1. spindle shaped cells
            2. consist of reticular fibers with few collagen fibers
      2. mucous connective ticcue
         
         1. location
            
            1. present in umbilical cord
            2. contents
               
               1. whartons jelly
                  
                  1. homogenous ground substance

Question 5

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 5

loose CT

1. structure
   
   1. loosley arranges fibers and abundant cells
2. location
   
   1. lies beneath epithelia and lines the internal surfaces of the body
3. function
   
   1. the site of inflammatory and immune responses

DICT

1. structure
   
   1. abundant fivers and few cells
2. location
   
   1. respiratory tract, sub mucosa, deeper layer of dermis
3. function
   
   1. with stand stresses on organs

Question 6

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 6

DRCT

1. structure
   
   1. densely packes arrays of fibers and cells with very little ECM
2. location
   
   1. tendons
      
      1. superior/inferior serratus
   2. ligaments
   3. aponeuroses
3. function
   
   1. provide strength in parallel stress

Question 7

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 7

reticular connective tissue

1. function
   
   1. provide a supporting framework for the cellular constiturents
2. location
   
   1. lymph nodes

Question 8

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 8

elastic tissue

1. structure
   
   1. elastic fivers
   2. thinner than collagen
   3. arranged in branching pattern
2. location
   
   1. dermis of skin
   2. aorta
   3. vertebral ligaments
   4. larynx
3. function
   
   1. capable of stretch and distension

Question 9

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 9

adipose tissue

1. white
   
   1. predominantly in adults
   2. structure
      
      1. unilocular cells with single large fat inclusion, pushing the nucleus to the periphery
   3. function
      
      1. stor energy
      2. insulation
      3. cushioning of vital aorgans
      4. secretion of leptin and adipoleptin
2. brown
   
   1. in newborn and reduced in adults
   2. structure
      
      1. 5 % of the body mass in newborn
      2. multilocular
      3. rich in mitochondria
      4. surrounded by blood vessels
   3. function
      
      1. generate heat

Question 10

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 10

cartilage

1. structure
   
   1. chondrocytes surrounded by collagen matrix
   2. surrounded by perichondrium
2. location
   
   1. temporary skeleton of the embryo
   2. articular cartilage
   3. cartilage of nose
   4. larynx
   5. trachea
   6. bronchi
   7. costal cartilages

Question 11

the black area, name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 11

elastic cartilage

1. structure
   
   1. chondrocytes surrounded by matric of elastic fibers
2. location
   
   1. external ear
   2. epiglottis
   3. auditory tube

Question 12

name tissue, structure, location, function

Answer 12

fibrocartilage

1. structure
   
   1. avascular
   2. lacks perichondrium
   3. chondrocytes and fibroblasts surrounded by collagen fivers and less rigid ECM
2. location
   
   1. IVD
   2. articular discs of knee
   3. sternoclavicular joints
   4. pubic symphisis

Question 13

define the categories of bone. woven. types of lamellae vascular structures.

Answer 13

bone

1. types
   
   1. structural
      
      1. compact/dense
      2. spongy/cancellous
   2. identified based on the organization of fibers
      
      1. lamellar bone
      2. woven bone
2. lamelar bone
   
   1. lamellae
      
      1. composed of bone matrix and osteocytes
         
         1. lie in the lacuna, with radiating cnaliculi
      2. four types
         
         1. osteons/haversion canals
            
            1. concentric arranged lamallae around a longitucinal vascular channel
         2. interstitial lamallae
            
            1. between osteons
         3. outer circumferential lamallae
            
            1. just under the periosteum
         4. inner circumferential lamallae
            
            1. close to endosteum
3. structures
   
   1. vascular channels
      
      1. longitudinal capillaries
         
         1. run in the center of osteon with in haversian canal
      2. volkmanns cannal
         
         1. contain blood vessels from marrow and some periosteum which transverse/oblique canals conncting the haversion canals
   2. bone matrix
      
      1. organic and inorganic components
   3. bone cells
      
      1. osteoblasts
      2. osteoclasts

Question 14

describe the processes in healing of a broken bone

Answer 14

bone repair after injury. 6-12 weeks

1. neutrophils + macrophages begin to clear up site of injury
2. fibroblasts and capillaries proliferate
3. loose granulation tissue (scar) is formed
4. as tissue becomes more dense, cartilage forms in parts of it.
   
   1. both fibroblasts and periosteal cells take part in this phase of healing
5. the dense connective tissue and newly formed cartilage grow
   
   1. covering the bone at the fracture site
   2. generating a callus
      
      1. callus stabilizes and binds the fractured bone together

Question 15

type of CT, what are the divisions of the tissue

Answer 15

blood

1. divisions
   
   1. granulocytes
      
      1. neutrophils
      2. eosinophils
      3. basophils
   2. agranulocytes
      
      1. lymphocytes
      2. monocytes
   3. thrombocytes