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Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Tehran conference?

A

November 1943

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2
Q

When was the Yalta conference?

A

February 1945

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3
Q

When was the Potsdam conference?

A

July 1945

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4
Q

What were the points made in the Tehran conference?

A
  • The Soviet Union was to wage war against Japan after the war
  • A UN was to be set up after the war
  • An area of Eastern Poland was to be added to the Soviet Union
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5
Q

What were the points made at the Yalta conference?

A
  • Germany was to be defeated and then disarmed
  • It was to be split into four zones of occupation
  • Germany was to pay reparations: Stalin pushed for this as the Soviet Union lost the most men
  • Eastern Europe was to hold free elections, including Poland
  • As the Soviet Union lost 20 million soldiers, they were to be allowed a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
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6
Q

What were the tensions in the Yalta conference?

A
  • Stalin believed that Poland would become part of the Soviet Union, even though it was not an agreement of the Yalta conference.
  • Because of this Stalin begun to push the Polish border into Germany, as the allies knew the USSR had troops all around Eastern Europe they did nothing.
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7
Q

What were the points made in the Potsdam conference?

A
  • Nazi party leaders were tried as war criminals
  • For reparations each power was to collect industrial equipment from their zones
  • Poland’s western border was to be set on the Older and Niex rivers
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8
Q

What were the tensions in Potsdam?

A
  • The West was suspicious of soviet tensions in Eastern Europe
  • Stalin began to imprison any Russian non communist politicians to eliminate any opposing parties that communism would face
  • Truman did not tell that the USA intentes to use the atomic bomb on Japan
  • Military growth begun on both sides, the USSR tried to copy USA’s atomic bomb design
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9
Q

How did Stalin impose his authority on Eastern Europe?

A
  • He kidnapped key politicians
  • Created alliances with ‘puppet leaders’
  • Soldiers and secret police were used to frighten people into voting for communism
  • Elections were also rigged, e.g. Poland
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10
Q

What were the Satellite States?

A

Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungry and Czechoslovakia

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11
Q

What were the consequences of the ‘iron curtain’ speech?

A
  • Churchill gave his speech in America, Truman and all other Americans agreed
  • Both sides started to view each other as enemies rather than allies
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12
Q

What did the telegram sent by the US’s deputy chief of mission in the US embassy in Russia suggest?

A

That the USSR was aggressive and suspicious, he recommended firm action from the USA.

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13
Q

What were the points of the ‘Novikov’ speech?

A
  • America wanted to dominate the world
  • The USA was no longer interested in co-operation
  • The American public were being prepared for war against the USSR
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14
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A

The containment of communism

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15
Q

What was the Marshall plan?

A

When the US decided that providing European countries with economic support would limit the spread of communism. People only turned to communism when the majority of the population is poor as communism benefits the poor. The US spent $17 billion.

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16
Q

What were the consequences of the Marshall plan?

A
  • Europe became firmly divided
  • The Soviet Union withdrew to hide how economically weak they were
  • Stalin accused the US of using the plan for its own selfish gain
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17
Q

Why was the Berlin blockade created?

A
  • Stalin believed that the new Western currency and democracy in Western Germany would spread to the Eastern zones and undermine the Soviet control over Berlin
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18
Q

What was the blockade?

A

It was the first military confrontation of the Cold War and it aimed to stop the spread of Western ideology into the Soviet Union’s Eastern zones

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19
Q

Causes of the blockade?

A
  • The allies wanted the economic recovery of Germany to prevent the spread of communism, the Soviet Union wanted the opposite to prevent any further attack from Germany
  • Stalin wanted to stop the spread of Western ideology into East Germany
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20
Q

When was NATO set up?

A

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was set up in 1949

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21
Q

What were the consequences of NATO?

A
  • The USA became committed to the defence of Western Europe
  • Stalin believe that NATO was not an act of defence but that it was aimed at the Soviet Union
  • Intensified the arms race
  • Within 6 years the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact
  • The USA began to set up missile bases across Western Europe
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22
Q

Features of NATO?

A
  • It was established between the USA and other Western countries
  • It was agreed that if one country was attacked all others would come together for its defence
  • It had the specific aim of defending the West against communism
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23
Q

What were the causes of the Hungarian revolution?

A
  • The Hungarians were poor and yet most of the food and goods was exported to Russia
  • Stalin’s leader put in power ‘bald butcher’ used salami tactics, 2000 dead and 387,000 imprisoned
  • The communist party only allowed one religion, however
    Hungarians were very religious
  • People also had hope for change due to Khrushchev’s speech
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24
Q

Consequences on Hungary from the uprising?

A
  • 2500 killed, 20,000 injured and 200,000 fled to Austria
  • Hungarian government firmly under control of Soviet Army
  • Had to make slow and gradual reforms from then on
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25
Q

Consequences on Soviet Union from the uprising?

A
  • 7,000 soldiers killed
  • Reinforced the sphere of influence
  • Ensured that no other Easter European countries would do the same
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26
Q

Consequences of Superpower relations from the uprising?

A
  • Propaganda disaster for the Soviets, killing people begging for freedom
  • America wouldn’t use their military but offered $20 million instead
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27
Q

What were the tensions over Germany?

A
  • There were 2.7 million refugees leaving East Germany for West, most skilled workers
  • To stop this Khrushchev declared Berlin a part of East Germany and gave US troops 6 months to leave
28
Q

When was the Geneva conference?

A

May 1959

29
Q

When was Camp David conference?

A

September 1959

30
Q

When was the Paris conference?

A

May 1960

31
Q

When was the Viena conference?

A

June 1961

32
Q

What agreements were made in the Camp David conference?

A
  • The Soviet agreed to withdraw the Berlin ultimatum
33
Q

What agreements were made in the Paris conference?

A
  • No decisions were made as spy plane was shot down and Eisenhower refused to apologise
  • This worsened relations and the Soviets discovered they were being watched
34
Q

What agreements were made in the Viena conference?

A
  • Khrushchev begun the Berlin ultimatum again and gave US troops another 6 months to leave
  • Khrushchev did this as he believed that the new president (Eisenhower) could be ‘pushed around’
35
Q

What were the consequences of the Viena conference?

A
  • Eisenhower refused to evacuate troops

- The US began preparations for war, spending $207 million on nuclear fallout shelters

36
Q

Details of the U2 spy plane incident?

A
  • Pilot Gary Powers was arrested after parachuting to safety
  • As Eisenhower refused to apologise Khrushchev walked out of the Paris meeting
37
Q

Was the Berlin Wall successful for Khrushchev?

A
  • It stopped the refugee problem

- It allowed him to avoid war whilst appearing strong

38
Q

What the Berlin Wall successful for Kennedy?

A
  • It avoided war
  • Khrushchev admitted he was not able to force the West out of Berlin
  • It was a propaganda victory
39
Q

Details of the Cuban revolution?

A
  • Batista (an American influenced leader) was overthrown by Fidel Castro
  • Castro wanted more independence from USA and took control over all American property in Cuba
  • Castro also removed all US companies to help ordinary people
  • In response USA banned all sugar imports
  • Castro was forced to turn to COMMUNISM for HELP
40
Q

Aims of the Bay of Pigs?

A
  • To remove Castro from leadership
  • The exiles would create an uprising against Castro
  • Trained by the CIA
  • Budget was $45 million
  • Had 1500 Cuban exiles
41
Q

Bay of Pigs timeline?

A
  • US planes bombed Cuban airforce
  • Second wave of bombings called off the next day
  • La Brigada landed and encountered 20,000 of Castros men
  • 100 La Brigada dead and 1100 captured
  • The US forced to pay $53 of food and medical supplies to release prisoners
42
Q

What was Khrushchev’s response?

A
  • He continued to send military supplies to Cuba throughout 1962
  • US spy planes spotted missiles in construction
  • ICBMs created a serious threat as they were able to reach almost all US major cities
43
Q

What was Kennedy’s response ?

A
  • Kennedy chose to place a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent Soviet arms from entering
  • The blockade stretched 3,300 km
  • Submarines and 156 ICBMs were made
  • Kennedy addressed the people about the blockade
44
Q

When did Kennedy address the people about the blockade?

A

October 22 1962

45
Q

What were the consequences of the naval blockade?

A
  • It increased the arms race
  • A hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin
  • Peace treaties signed, e.g. Nuclear test ban treaty
  • Some Soviet positions believed that Khrushchev had been humiliated, they planned to remove him
  • Khrushchev saw this as a victory as he prevented the invasion of Cuba
  • Kennedy had won the ‘war of words’, however he met in secret with Khrushchev and agreed to remove some missile bases in Soviet range
46
Q

What was the treaty signed after the naval blockade?

A
  • Limited nuclear test ban treaty: prohibited nuclear weapons in space, underwater or in the atmosphere
47
Q

What were the points of Dubcek’s “socialism with a human face”?

A
  • Relaxation of press censorship
  • More political opposition
  • More power to the Czech parliament
  • Criticism of government is allowed
48
Q

How did Czechoslovakian citizens oppose Soviet control after the invasion?

A
  • They threw petrol bombs at tanks
  • Buildings were set on fire
  • Protestors assembled in Wenceslas square
  • Barricades set up on streets
  • Street names moved to confuse invaders
  • Anti Soviet broadcasts stayed on air and moved from place to place
49
Q

What was the Brezhnev doctrine?

A

It allowed the Soviet Union to invade any country who’s actions appeared to threaten the Warsaw Pact

50
Q

What were the consequences of the Czechoslovakian invasion?

A
  • Communist parties in Western Europe declared independence
  • Other communist countries began to distance themselves from the Soviet Union, Romania and Albania refused to send troops to support the invasion and Albania ended up leaving the Warsaw Pact in 1968
51
Q

When was the Czechoslovakian invasion?

A

20 August 1968

52
Q

Why did the superpowers support Detente?

A
  • The arms race was very expensive and both countries were keen to reduce spending
  • The Cuban missile crisis showed how close the world came to nuclear war
53
Q

What were the main treaties of Detente?

A
  • Outer space treaty: prohibited the use of any weaponry in space
  • Nuclear non- proliferation treaty: to prevent the spread of nuclear weaponry
54
Q

When was the first SALT meeting?

A

The first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty was signed in 1972

55
Q

What was the Helsinki agreement?

A
  • It defined the borders of Europe

- Recognised West Germany as a country

56
Q

What happened in Chernobyl?

A
  • There was an explosion in the nuclear reactor of a nuclear power station in Russia.
  • Death toll reached 4000
  • 3949 deaths caused by radiation
  • It was nearly 30-40 times more fallout that Hiroshima
57
Q

What did Glasnost include?

A
  • Censorship of the press was to be introduced

- It was possible to buy Western newspapers

58
Q

What did Perestroika include?

A
  • Economic reforms took place to help the Soviet economy stronger
59
Q

What did Gorbachev’s new thinking include?

A
  • Stopped Soviet influence in Eastern European satellite states
  • Abandoned the Brezhnev doctrine
  • Ended the arms race with USA
  • Initiated sweeping reforms in the communist party and Soviet Union
60
Q

When was the second Geneva conference?

A

November 1985

61
Q

When was the Reykjavik conference?

A

October 1986

62
Q

When was the Washington conference?

A

December 1987

63
Q

What were the key points of the second Geneva conference?

A

Aims:
- Gorbachev wanted to persuade Reagan to drop his plans for SDI
Reality:
- Able to talk face to face and were friendly

64
Q

What were the key points in the Reykjavik conference?

A

Aims:
- Gorbachev still wanted Reagan to drop his plans for SDI
- Reagan wanted to scrap all ballistic nuclear missiles
Reality:
- Nothing achieved

65
Q

What were the key points of the Washington conference?

A

Aims:
- Both wanted to reduce nuclear weapons
Reality:
- INF Treaty signed and reduced nuclear missile range from 500-550

66
Q

Reasons for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?

A
  • Soviet’s wanted to prevent the collapse of a neighbouring socialist country
  • Soviet’s wanted to reduce USA influence on countries on its borders
  • It was oil rich so there was a lot of money to be made
  • Afghanistan could become Islamic state, which is against communism as communism allows only one religion

History (3 decks)

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