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Psychology > Cognition and Language > Flashcards

Cognition and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

language acquisition device

A

Chomsky believed that language is innate and came up with LAD theoretical part of the brain that gives us the unique ability to acquire language

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2
Q

Who thought language is learned

A

B.F. Skinner thought language was learned through operant conditioning

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3
Q

Emergent Theory

A

language is complex and arises from inexplicable ways that result from more simple cognitive processes and is really the result of this processing

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4
Q

Was multilingualism always seen as a positive characteristic?

A

No, centuries before the opinion was extremely negative and many thought that it will lead to hindrance of their cognitive development

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5
Q

when did people realize that there was no correlation between multilingualism and poor cognitive abilities

A

Pear and lambert disproved that multilingualism as a negative through testing cognitive abilities on children.

They found that multilingualism correlates to mental flexibility

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6
Q

what are the advantages of multilingualism

A

advantages in executive control (front lobe activity)

prevention of cognitive decline

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7
Q

Broca’s area

A

critical in language production

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8
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

important in terms of language comprehension

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9
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Trouble forming and communicating coherent sentences

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10
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

forms incoherent jibberish sentences

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11
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

believed in linguistic determinism, where language determines thoughts or linguistic relativism (weak) where language influences our perception

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12
Q

Knowledge Representation

A

anything that stands in for anything else

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13
Q

mental representation

A

cognitive symbol that represents external reality

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14
Q

what are the two types of mental representations

A

analogical and symbolic

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15
Q

Analogical mental representation

A

Representation shares physical attributes

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16
Q

Symbolic representation

A

does not correspond to physical characteristics of the thing it represents

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17
Q

Categorization

A

process of grouping things based on shared information

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18
Q

concept

A

mental representation that groups things under a particular theme

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19
Q

classical categorization

A

objects are categorized according to certain set of rules

determined on an all-or-none basis

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20
Q

what are some problems with classical categorization

A

there are a lot of exceptions to these structures
some attributes are more important for defining category

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21
Q

Prototype model

A

Objects are categorized by similarity to a single prototype that has average characteristics

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22
Q

Exemplar model

A

Organizes things based on a specific example and based on overall resemblance

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23
Q

What is the main difference in how the East and West think generally

A

West think individually and east thinks collectively

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24
Q

Taxonomic

A

Western, rule-based strategy

Things belong to different categorizes based on similarity of attributes

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25
Q

Thematic

A

Emphasize the relationship and resemblance

26
Q

Analytic thinking

A

Western, emphasize objects independent from context

27
Q

Holistic thinking

A

Taking context into consideration and considering relationships rather than focusing on stimuli in insulation

28
Q

What are the main types of reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning is a general rule to something specific

Inductive reasoning for something specific to make general claims

29
Q

Heuristics

A

Rule of thumb

30
Q

Satisficers

A

Focus on just making a good enough decision

31
Q

Maximizers

A

Reaching the best possible outcomes

32
Q

What are the benefits of heuristics

A

Requires minimal cognitive resources

Allows us to decide quickly

Often lead to reasonably good decisions

33
Q

Availability heuristics

A

Estimating frequency of an event based on how often we hear it

34
Q

Representativeness heuristics

A

Making judgements of likelihood based on how similar it is to a prototype

35
Q

Framing effects

A

Changes in the way info is perceived as a result of the way in which info was presented

36
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Getting stuck using something only by its intended use

37
Q

Intelligence

A

Human ability to use knowledge, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt environmental challenges

38
Q

Francis Galton

A

Cousin of Darwin
Closely associated with intelligence testing
Believed that intelligence was based on genetics

39
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Looks to see if new measures positively correlate with what is currently happening

40
Q

Predictive validity

A

Looks to see if there are certain indicators that predict future cognitive abilities

41
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Getting the same results

42
Q

Internal consistency

A

Multiple questions/items that asses the same thing

43
Q

Binet and Simon

A

Came up with mental age by performing cognitive tests on young children in school

44
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Came up with Stanford-Binet testing (IQ)

Measures mental age/ chronological age x100

45
Q

General intelligence

A

Idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities

46
Q

Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence

A

He first proposed the g-factor and s-factor

47
Q

S-factor

A

Specific abilities that people excel in

48
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Thinking logically without using learned knowledge

Linked to frontal lobe activity

49
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Uses reasoning and problem-solving skills with learned knowledge

50
Q

What are the two types of general intelligences

A

Fixed and crystallized

51
Q

Weschler adult intelligence

A

Measure of general cognitive ability

52
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Looks at where measures line up and which cognitive abilities match up and which are separate

53
Q

Stanovich’s notion of dysrationalia

A

Inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence

54
Q

cognitive miserliness

A

No motivation to put a lot of cognitive energy into a decision

55
Q

Mindware gap

A

Lack of knowledge and statistical reasoning training that can lead people astray

56
Q

Triarchic theory of intelligence (Sternberg)

A

Analytical, creativity, and practicality

These 3 are important for successful intelligence

57
Q

What does the augmented theory of successful intelligence

A

Includes wisdom that uses skills and knowledge toward a common goal

58
Q

Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences

A

Proposed 8 domains that people could be placed in based on skills

People could excel in some domains but be deficit in others

59
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Social intelligence that emphasizes the ability to understand/ regulate and adapt our emotions and the emotions of others

60
Q

Fixed mindset

A

Aka entity mindset

Believes that intelligence is fixed and you either have it or you don’t

61
Q

Incremental Theory

A

Growth mindset

Intelligence can be improved upon

62
Q

Who came up with mindset theory (Growth vs Fixed)

A

Carol Dweck

Psychology (11 decks)

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