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Geograghy > Coastal Environments > Flashcards

Coastal Environments Flashcards

0
Q

Destructive waves

A

High frequency-10-14 per min
High
Steep
Strong backwash removes material

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1
Q

Constructive waves

A

Low frequency- 6-8 per min
Low
Long
Powerful swash carries deposition

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2
Q

Sediment cells

A

Lengths of coastline that are self contained for movement of sediment. Processes in one cell won’t affect another
There are 11 in the uk

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3
Q

Joints

A

Cracks in rock which are weaknesses

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4
Q

Blow holes

A

Formed when overlying rocks collapse over a cave and is opened up to the sky

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5
Q

Formation of bays and headlands

A

Less resistant rock is attacked first and harder rock remains as headlands

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6
Q

Longshore drift

A

Material moving along a stretch of coastline

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7
Q

Backwash

A

Pulls material straight down a beach

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8
Q

Formation of beaches

A

Deposition- sand most common and pebbles

Formed between bays and headlands as it is sheltered and protects them from big waves and strong currents

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9
Q

Salt marshes

A

Sheltered area behind a spit

Deposition of silt and plant succession may allow salt marsh ecosystem to develop

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10
Q

Eustatic change

A

Global

Global warming-ice age

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11
Q

Isostatic changes

A

Local

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12
Q

Effects of rising sea levels

A

Increased cliff and beach erosion
Coastal flooding
Salt damaging farmland and water supply
Destroys ecosystems and habitats

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13
Q

Rias

A

River valleys partially submerged
Gentle long profiles
Wide and deep at mouth
Narrow and shallow further inland they reach

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14
Q

Fjords

A 
Drowned glacial valleys
Straight and narrow
Steep sided
Shallow mouth
Deep further inland they get
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15
Q

Submergent

A

Landforms created by rising sea levels

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16
Q

Emergent

A

Landfall formed from falling sea levels and rise out of water

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17
Q

Formation of wave cut platform

A

Rock above a cave becomes unstable and with nothing to support it, it collapses
Flat surfaces
Visible during low tide

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18
Q

Reasons for rising sea levels

A

Thermal expansion

Global warming

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19
Q

Example of area affected by rising sea levels

A

Thames estuary, London, England

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20
Q

Impacts of sea level rising in Thames

A 
By 2100 parts will be submerged
Sixth of population (million) are at risk
Homes will be evacuated
Lives lost to flash floods
Wildlife in estuary extinct
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21
Q

Management for Thames

A

Government increased spending on defenses

The Thames estuary 2100 project aims to save £200 billion worth of property and keep property

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22
Q

Thames estuary 2100 project

A

Move important buildings further back
Works for short and long term
Talking to local people to come up with cost effective solution

23
Q

Groynes

A

Fences built at right angles to the coast
Trap material transported by longshore drift
Creates wider beaches which slow down waves

24
Q

Advantages of groynes

A

Cheap

Beaches create protection

25
Q

Disadvantages of groynes

A

Starve down drift of sediment which leads to thin beaches

26
Q

Sea walls

A

Wall reflects waves back out to sea

Acts as a barrier

27
Q

Disadvantages of sea walls

A

Expensive to build and maintain

Creates a strong backwash which erodes under the wall

28
Q

Do nothing

A

Build no coastal defences and deal with erosion and flooding as it happens

29
Q

Hold the line

A

Maintain existing defenses

30
Q

Advance the line

A

Build new defences further out to sea

31
Q

Retreat the line

A

Build no defences and move people away from Coast

32
Q

Beach nourishment

A

Where sand and shingle added to beaches to create wider beaches

33
Q

Dune regeneration

A

Sand dunes are created or restored by either nourishment or stabilisation of sand

34
Q

Creating marshland

A

Planting vegetation to stabilise sediment and stems and leaves reduce speed of waves and reduces erosive power and how far they reach inland

35
Q

Spring tide

A

When moon is between earth and sun

The gravitational pull creates biggest bulge of water and highest tide

Greatest tidal range

36
Q

Neap tide

A

When earth moon and sun form a right angle and their gravitational pull interfere with each other

Smallest tidal range

37
Q

Date of tsunami

A

December 2004

38
Q

Countries tsunami hit

A

Indonesia
Sri Lanka
India

39
Q

Causes of tsunami

A

Strongest earthquake ever recorded- 9 on the Richter scale

Submarine earthquake in the Indian Ocean

40
Q

Social impacts of the tsunami

A

230,000 deaths
2 million made homeless
Drinking water became polluted
400,000 lost their jobs

41
Q

Economic impacts of the tsunami

A

Cost of damage- $15 billion
Salinisation reduced soil fertility and crop production
Tourism dropped as it took 6 months to repair hotels

42
Q

Environmental impacts of tsunami

A

8 million litres of oil releases into environment leading to pollution and contamination of soil
Mangrove forests destroyed by force of waves

43
Q

How did human activity increase impact of tsunami?

A

Deforestation of soil for tourist development meant nothing to absorb wave energy
Illegal coral mining meant coral reefs couldn’t act as breakwater

44
Q

Location of holderness

A

East Yorkshire

Stretches from flam borough had to spurn head

45
Q

Reason for erosion in holderness

A

Cliffs made of boulder clay which is easily eroded and prone to slumping when wet
Narrow beaches due to various defenses which starve them from sediment
Powerful waves due to dominant wind direction and long fetch from arctic ocean

46
Q

Impacts of erosion in holderness

A

£2 million spent on sea defenses
Visitor numbers dropped by 30% since 1990s = businesses have suffered
Caravan parks loosing up to 10 pitches a year
Property prices fallen so people can’t afford to move away
30 villages have been lost since roman times

47
Q

Management in Bridlington

A

Sea wall

48
Q

Management in mappleton

A

Timber groynes and revetments

49
Q

Management in Hornsea

A

Gabions

50
Q

Management at easington gas terminal

A

Revetments

51
Q

Problems with management schemes in holderness

A

Caused problems down drift
The groynes starve the beaches of sediment leading to narrower beaches…
Lead to formation of bays which are expensive to maintain

52
Q

Problems in blackwater estuary

A

2m of land lost to sea level ever year

53
Q

Defences used tollesbury fleet

A

Sea realignment

54
Q

Defences used in Ray creek

A

Beach nourishment

55
Q

Defences used in Mersea Island

A

Marsh stabilisation

56
Q

Why was soft engineering along blackwater estuary more sustainable than hard?

A

Hard would have cost £600,000

Marsh is self repairing and lasts longer than hard

Creates habitats for wildlife

Geograghy (4 decks)

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