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info systems > class 2 > Flashcards

class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

why do we manage data?

A

with out data and the ability to process the data an organization could not successfully complete most business activities

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2
Q

what Is needed to transform data into useful information?

A

it must first be organized in a meaningful way

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3
Q

how can data be organized in a meaningful way?

A

a database

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4
Q

what is a database management system (DBMS)?

A

a collection of programs that enables users to store, modify and extract information from a database

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5
Q

what are 3 examples of databases?

A

reservation system
scientific databases
geographic information system

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6
Q

what is a bit?

A

a binary digit that defines a character and communicates with the circuit technology with a computer through on/off code switches

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7
Q

how many bits are within a byte of data?

A

8 bits

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8
Q

what is a character?

A

basic building block of information that defines attributes

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9
Q

what is a field/column?

A

individual characteristics about an entity. fields are also called attributes or columns based on the type of DBMS

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10
Q

what is a record/rows?

A

a group of fields or attributes to describe a single instance of an entity

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11
Q

what is a file/table?

A

a collection of records or instances for a given entity

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12
Q

what is a data base?

A

a collection of files or entities containing information to support a given system or a particular topic

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13
Q

what is an entity?

A

things we store information about

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14
Q

what are some examples of entities?

A

people
place
objects
events

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15
Q

what to entities have a relationship with?

A

other entities

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16
Q

what is an example of an entity having a relationship with another entity?

A

the entity student has a relationship to the entity grades

17
Q

what is an attribute?

A

these are pieces of information (characteristics) about an entity

18
Q

what is an example of an attribute?

A

student ID, name and grades for the entity of student

19
Q

what is a data item?

A

a specific value of an attribute

20
Q

what is an example of a data item?

A

the grade A plus for a students grade

21
Q

how are common entities joined?

A

through common attributes

22
Q

what is an example of entities being joined?

A

student and grades would be joined by student id

23
Q

what is a primary key?

A

a minimal set of attributes in a table that uniquely identifies records in that table

24
Q

what is a foreign key?

A

the columns of a table that points to the primary key of another table. they act as a cross reference between tables

25
Q

what is a composite key?

A

consists of two or more attributes that together identity a record (first name + last name , course id + section)

26
Q

what is a compound key?

A

a composite key for which each attribute that makes up the key is a simple key in its own right (student id + course ID)

27
Q

what are the 2 approaches to storing data?

A

file approach (old approach)
database approach (current approach)

28
Q

what is the file approach to storing data?

A

when the same information was stored in multiple master files

29
Q

what are the 2 problems with the file approach?

A

made it more difficult to effectively integrate data and obtain an organization wide view of the data

the same information may not have been consistent between files (if data in one file was updated, it would not update on all files)

30
Q

what is the database approach?

A

when all data is stored in one large database master file

31
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of the file approach?

A

each application has its own set of files

inflexibility when processing particular queries

uncontrolled redundancy with all the duplicate information in files

poor enforcement of system standards due to the multiple files across the organization

limited data sharing due to each application having its own private file

program data dependancy from description of files, records, data items are embedded within application programs and not easily viewable off that program

32
Q

what are the 2 database approach characteristics?

A

a centralized database management system exists which handles all data management activities

the data management system does not fragment data into separate files but regards data as being stored in a large conceptual repository database

33
Q

what are the 9 advantages to the database approach?

A

improved strategic use of corporate data
reduced data redundancy
improved data integrity
easier modification and updating
data and program independence
better access to data and information
standardization of data
improved data safeguarding
efficient use of resources

34
Q

what are the 3 disadvantages of the database approach?

A

more complexity and difficult to operate and set up

more difficult to recover from a failure due to a single database and no copies

more expensive to purchase and operate

35
Q

how is storage media different from file approach vs database approach?

A

file approach: sequential physical tapes or files

database approach: direct access storage device (DASD)

36
Q

how is data different from file approach vs database approach?

A

file approach: stored in long sequential files with other files with no relationship with each other

database approach: stored in tables with relationship with other files

37
Q

how is organization different from file approach vs database approach?

A

file approach: redundant data in multiple files

database approach: redundant data minimized or eliminated

38
Q

how is updates different from file processing vs database approach?

A

file approach: requires multiple updates in many files

database approach: requires few or one update for a data field

39
Q

how is processing different from file processing vs database approach?

A

file approach: slower query/ faster processing

database approach: faster query/ slower processing

info systems (18 decks)

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