class 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is knowledge management?

A

a system that collectively and systematically crates, shares and applies knowledge in order to achieve the users objectives

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2
Q

what are the 4 thing knowledge management is concerned with?

A

increasing awareness
fostering learning
speeding up collaboration and innovation
exchanging in sights

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3
Q

what are the 2 kinds of knowledge assets in a company?

A

explicit knowledge
tacit knowledge

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4
Q

what is explicit knowledge?

A

knowledge that is documented, stored and codified

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5
Q

what are 5 examples of explicit knowledge?

A

standard procedures
product formulas
customer contact lists
market research results
patents

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6
Q

what is tacit knowledge?

A

the know-how that someone has developed as a result of personal experience and involves intangible factors such as beliefs, perspective and value system

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7
Q

what are 2 examples of tacit knowledge?

A

how to ride a bike

the decision-making process used by experienced coach to make adjustments when her team is down at half

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8
Q

can tacit knowledge be easily documented?

A

no

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9
Q

why is tacit knowledge key to high performance and competitive advantage?

A

because it is difficult for others to copy

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10
Q

what is the goal of knowledge management?

A

to some how capture and document the valuable work-related tacit knowledge of other and turn it in to explicit knowledge that can be shared with others

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11
Q

what are the 2 processes that are frequently used to capture tacit knowledge?

A

shadowing
joint problem solving

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12
Q

what is shadowing?

A

involves a novice observing an expert executing their job to learn how they perform

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13
Q

what is an example of shadowing?

A

interns

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14
Q

what is going problem solving?

A

the novice and the expert work side by side to solve a problem so that the experts approach is slowly revealed to the observant learner

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15
Q

what is an example of joint problem solving?

A

a plumber trainee will work with a master plumber to learn the trade

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16
Q

what are the 3 benefits of knowledge management applications?

A

implement knowledge management projects to foster innovation

uses the expertise of people across the organization to build on other employees knowledge

capture the expertise of key individual before they retire

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17
Q

what are the 4 steps in implementing a knowledge management project?

A

1) connect knowledge management to goals and objectives of the company

2) start with small pilot and enthusiastic participants

3) identify valuable tacit knowledge

4) get employee to buy in to provide knowledge

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18
Q

what were computers originally designed to perform?

A

simple mathematical operations using fixed programmed rules and eventually operating millions of computations per second

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19
Q

what do computers still have trouble with?

A

recognizing patterns, adapting to new situations and drawing consolations when not provided complete information- the activities that humans can do well

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20
Q

what are the 3 processes of humans that AI can simulate?

A

learning
reasoning
self-correction

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21
Q

what is artificial intelligence?

A

the part of the computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems that is systems that exhibit characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behaviour

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22
Q

what is learning?

A

the acquisition of information and rules for using the information

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23
Q

what is reasoning?

A

using rules to reach conclusions

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24
Q

what is self-correction?

A

using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future scenarios

25
Q

what are the 6 different areas of artificial intelligence?

A

machine learning
neural network
robotics
expert systems
fuzzy logic
natural learning processing

26
Q

what are expert systems?

A

special purpose systems used by operational level employees to make decisions usually made by more experienced employees or an expert in the field

27
Q

how do expert systems work?

A

they use inference engines that match facts and rules, sequence questions for the user, draw a conclusion and present a recommendation to the user

28
Q

what are 4 examples activities done by expert systems?

A

medical diagnosis
machine configuration
financial planning
software application assistance

29
Q

what is an example of input, process and output of an expert system?

A

input: answers to questions
process: pattern matching
output: recommendations and advice

30
Q

what are computerized expert systems?

A

using heurisistcs or rules of thumb to arrive at conclusions or make suggestions

31
Q

why are expert systems difficult to develop?

A

they are expensive and time consuming to develop

32
Q

when are the 3 reasons to develop an expert system?

A

when there is a high potential pay off

when they have a potential to significantly reduce downside risk

when the organization wants to capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise

33
Q

what are the 7 components of expert system?

A

explantation facility
inference engine
knowledge base
knowledge base accession facility
user interface
experts
users

34
Q

what does the knowledge base store?

A

stores all relevant information, data, cases and relationships that the expert system uses

35
Q

what needs to be developed for each unique expert system?

A

a knowledge base

36
Q

what is a rule?

A

a conditional statement that links conditions to actions or outcomes

37
Q

how are the rules stored in the knowledge base?

A

they are stores as IF-THEN statements which are the rules that suggest certain conclutions

38
Q

what does an expert system work on?

A

it works on a knowledge base

39
Q

what is an expert system part of?

A

the larger areas called knowledge management

40
Q

what is an inference engine?

A

a software that takes user input and sifts through the knowledge base mimicking the mind of an expert to seek information and relationships from the knowledge base and to provide answers, predictions and suggestions similar to the way a human expert would

41
Q

what does the inference engine deliver?

A

the expert advice

42
Q

what is an explanation facility?

A

a system that allows a user or decision maker to understand how expert systems arrived at certain conclusions or results

43
Q

what is an explanation system?

A

allows a doctor to find out the logic or reasoning of the diagnosis made by the expert system

44
Q

what is the knowledge acquisition facility?

A

a specialized software that allows users and decision makers to create and modify their own knowledge bases through the knowledge acquisition facility using user friendly menus

45
Q

what is the purpose of knowledge acquisition facility?

A

provide a convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all components of the knowledge base

46
Q

what is the challenging aspect of developing a useful expert system?

A

creating and updating of the knowledge base

47
Q

what is a user interface?

A

a system that makes an expert system easier for user and decision makers to develop an use

48
Q

what are the 3 kinds of participants in developing and using an expert system?

A

domain expert
knowledge engineer
knowledge user

49
Q

what is a domain expert?

A

the person or group with the expertise or knowledge that expert system is trying to capture

50
Q

what is domain?

A

the field that the system is in like medical, finance

51
Q

what is the knowledge engineer?

A

a person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation and maintenance of the expert system

52
Q

what does the knowledge engineer do?

A

help in transferring the knowledge from the expert system to the knowledge user

53
Q

what is the knowledge user?

A

the person who uses and benefits from the expert system, knowledge users do not need any previous training in computers or expert systems

54
Q

what how do expert systems user knowledge and information?

A

it manipulates both information and knowledge

55
Q

should an expert system be able to explain its reasoning to the user?

A

yes

56
Q

what is an example of an expert system making a decision?

A

what kind of drug dose to give for particular types of cancer:
many factors involved
many questions must be asked
many IF….THEN rules

57
Q

what are knowledge assets?

A

all underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulas, methods, heuristics and intuitions whether explicit to tacit

58
Q

what is the difference between explicit and tacit knowledge?

A

explicit knowledge is objective and can be stored in reports, documents or rules. while tacit knowledge is subjective, hard to measure and document