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Christianity Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the population is Christian by the late Roman Empire?

A

10%.

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2
Q

By 300ad, what is the state of urban Christianity?

A

2/3 of towns don’t have an organised Christian community.

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3
Q

What percentage of the peasantry aren’t Christian by the late Roman Empire?

A

85%

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4
Q

What percentage of the urban population isn’t Christian by the late Roman Empire?

A

7% of the 10% urban population.

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5
Q

What can be said about late Roman Christianity?

A

It was not one homogenous religion.

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6
Q

What do pre-1900 European historians argue about Christianity?

A

That Christianity was a continual growth, always coming out on top.

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7
Q

How can we describe early Christian growth?

A

As slow and sporadic.

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8
Q

What are the two things that led to a growth of Christianity?

A
  1. Christianisation of the Empire.

2. Romanisation of Christianity.

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9
Q

When was the Christianisation of the elites?

A

320-380 AD.

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10
Q

How and why were elites converted?

A

Using informal powers of patronage. It is not however clear if they converted for true religiosity or political power.

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11
Q

When were Pagan temples violently shut down?

A

390 AD.

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12
Q

When was there a change in the religiosity of the peasantry?

A

500 AD. Although there were whispers of change by 400 AD.

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13
Q

What was the Christian infrastructure like prior to Constantine?

A

Small communities in few towns, little inter-community contact due to religious persecution. No authority structures.

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14
Q

What was Christian infrastructure like after Constantine?

A

By 400 AD, the Christian authority structure mirrors that of the Empire: e.g. provincial capital = diocese.

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15
Q

When was the Council of Nicaea?

A

325 AD.

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16
Q

What followed on from the Council of Nicaea?

A

Discrepancies in belief due to local traditions. Christian, practises were made more palatable to wider society, there was an intense period of doctrinal creation.

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17
Q

When was the concept of the Trinity solidified?

A

375~ AD. 60 years after the Council of Nicaea.

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18
Q

When was the concept of the Reincarnation solidified?

A

5th Century.

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19
Q

How was Christianity made more palatable to the masses?

A

Introduction to the Church was made to be less rigorous in doctrinal studies. Adult baptism was changed to infancy. – issue of sinning after the Great Cleanse?

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20
Q

What was the change in Christian behaviour to make it more palatable?

A

Penance became a private affair rather than public embarrassment. Participation in civic rituals was permitted.

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21
Q

What must be remembered about the position of the Pope?

A

He did not fill the emperor’s power vacuum.

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22
Q

What was the late antiquity pope responsible for?

A

Validating correct doctrine, establishing rules and regulations, and making clerical appointments.

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23
Q

What is the emperor’s role in the early Christian church?

A

Only he can call ecumenical councils and appoint imperial officials- thus he controls the narrative.

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24
Q

What is the role of bishops in the early Christian church?

A

They have no enforcements of their own, non-orthodoxy in the east is threatened to conformity and vice versa.

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25
Q

How can we say that the empire became divinised?

A

Emperors became non-secular, and were divinely appointed.

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26
Q

What was the authority of the emperor following Christianisation?

A

Quasi-religious authority rather than merely a political entity.

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27
Q

Following the fall of the empire what happened to Western Christendom?

A

It was fragmented into kingdom-based communities, still part of an ideological entity yet no practical structure.

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28
Q

What is the role of the Pope in the early medieval period?

A

Limited. Holds prestige as leader of earliest Roman Christian community, Papacy a great centre of pilgrimage.

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29
Q

When did the Pope begin to gain practical authorities?

A

1200

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30
Q

How was active incorporation of peasants achieved?

A

It was achieved via institutional expansion and change, e.g. allowing priests to preach.

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31
Q

How many parish churches were needed to adequately service England and what does this show?

A

17,000, shows the limitations of the broader infrastructures.

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32
Q

What did medieval liturgies focus on?

A

Agricultural prosperity such as in the Harvest Festival, this increases the enthusiasm in the peasantry increasing membership.

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33
Q

What did Christian education rely on?

A

Leftover elites from the Roman Empire, yet pre-educated Christians disappear as elites do.

34
Q

What did the collapse of the Roman elites mean?

A

The collapse of the intellectual infrastructure meant there was no money in Christian works such as literature and buildings.

35
Q

What were the functions of monasteries? (4 things)

A

Functioned as a powerhouse of prayer on behalf of communities as a whole. To educate, interact with rural peasants, preservation of Christian culture.

36
Q

What were the two biggest cultural impacts on christianity in the early medieval period?

A

Islam and Northwestern culture.

37
Q

When was the significant change in Christianity in the early medieval period?

A

7th Century.

38
Q

What were the two changes that occurred 550-650AD?

A

Institutional religious change and the dealing of new social climates.

39
Q

What were the three new views that developed during the 7th century?

A

Views on sin, atonement and the otherworld.

40
Q

How many monasteries/convents were there in Gaul by 600AD?

A

200

41
Q

How many monasteries/convents were there in Italy by 600AD?

A

100

42
Q

What can be noted about the location of early medieval monasteries?

A

They were clustered in former intensely Romanised areas, especially in the Mediterranean

43
Q

What were monasteries seen as by contemporaries?

A

Extensions of urban worship

44
Q

How can we consider the importance of monasteries?

A

By analysing the architecture- many were converted town houses, no basilicas etc.

45
Q

How can we exemplify the rising prominence of monasteries in early medieval Europe?

A

Monte Cassino (Benedict’s last monastery) began (6th C) as the size of a village church, by 11th C was a fortress.

46
Q

What was the regional synergy between monks and laity?

A

They shared in the wealth/poverty of the area of residence, and frequently needed bailing out by pious lays.

47
Q

What can be noted about the E/W divide for monasteries?

A

Monks were more prestigious in the East.

48
Q

How does P. Brown describe monasteries/convents?

A

As an “amphibious group”- not lay or clerical.

49
Q

What was oblation?

A

The offering of girls (from 6) and boys (from 10) to monasteries/convents as “fruits of the world” for God (or due to inconvenience.)

50
Q

What was tonsure?

A

The specific haircut monks had. This was done due to the importance of hair in early medieval lay life.

51
Q

What is a source for the importance of monasteries to laity sin?

A

Gregory of Tours to Emperor Maurice 593, in reaction to the prohibition of combat-able men being banned from cloistering.

52
Q

What did Gregory of Tours write to Emperor Maurice in 593?

A

‘there are many who, unless they abandon all cannot gain salvation’

53
Q

When did the belief of supreme power of collective prayer over individual prayer arise?

A

6th Century on

54
Q

How did convents begin?

A

As an extension of familial piety- pride at having virgins etc.

55
Q

Who suggests that virginity was the notion of the sacred in the profane world?

A

P. Brown.

56
Q

What is an example of convent’s total seclusion?

A

St John’s, Arles. 200 women remained in the convent even in a fire.

57
Q

Who is a signifiant example of physical piety encouraging Christianity?

A

Radegund- a wife of a Merovingian queen who cleaned beggars etc.

58
Q

What was critical to the establishment of Christendom? (According to R. Fletcher)

A

The acceptation of Christianity by the barbarian aristocracy.

59
Q

When did urban Christianity flourish?

A

Late 300s AD.

60
Q

What is one way of approaching the study of the growth of Christendom?

A

One could follow patterns of Latin use in Europe- however the Germanic influx of people compromises this.

61
Q

What is too rudimentary an interpretation of early Christianity?

A

The antithesis narrative between paganism and Christianity.

62
Q

What almost eradicated Christianity entirely, who argues this?

A

R. Fletcher argues that Frankish invasions into Gaul almost eradicated Christianity entirely.

63
Q

Who is a case study for the reC-Christianisation of Europe?

A

Nicetius (bishop of Trier 525-65), brought Italian merchants to build churches.

64
Q

Why was there such little Christianisation until the arrival of Columbanus?

A

Because monastery culture was urban based, and barbarian aristocrats rejected this.

65
Q

What was prevalent in 6th C Gaul?

A

Simony (but more common in Gallo Romans not Franks).

66
Q

What does R. Fletcher suggest was needed for Christianisation of barbarians?

A

“missionary stimulus”

67
Q

When was Columbanus active in monastery founding?

A

East Francia 590-610

68
Q

Why was Columbanus’ form of monasticism so popular amongst barbarian aristocrats?

A

Allowed kinship solidarity, private penance

69
Q

What was the common public penance in early medieval Europe?

A

barred from office, lifelong chastity

70
Q

How can we exemplify the extremity of early medieval public penance?

A

A 7th Century Spanish king was forced to abdicate.

71
Q

What was private penance in the early medieval era?

A

usually fasting- seen as ‘spiritual medicine’ thus diverse

72
Q

What did Columbanus’ religious changes coincide with, making it so successful.

A

The creation of a cohesive aristocracy 575-625 with privileges.

73
Q

What monastery acted as a missionary outpost?

A

Weltenberg was an eastern outpost.

74
Q

What was the gripping religious narrative in 7th Century Europe?

A

A search for evangelism across Europe, from barbarian aristocracies to popes themselves.

75
Q

Who vowed they would spend their whole life a pilgrim, exemplifying the evangelist narrative?

A

Amandus

76
Q

What two early medieval thematic changes went hand in hand according to R. Fletcher?

A

Secular imperialism and Christian evangelism.

77
Q

What is the German historiographical coining of the church in the 7th Century?

A

Adelskirche- literally ‘church of the nobility’.

78
Q

Why was Columbanus monasticism rural based?

A

Because Columbanus originated from Ireland, where rural was the only option.

79
Q

What is a source for the institutional overhaul in the early medieval church?

A

John Chrysostom: ‘should not everyone build a church?’.

80
Q

How can we say that there was cultural overlap between peripheries of Christendom?

A

There was the monastery Brētona in Spain which was inhabited by English monks

zMedieval (5 decks)

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