Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > chpt 9.4-9.5 test > Flashcards

chpt 9.4-9.5 test Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The body’s internal environment of extracellular fluid must maintain a constant…

A

volume, solute content, and often temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osmotic pressure is

A

the pressure that results from a difference in solute concentration between the two sides of a selectively permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

the property of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane that has the lower concentration of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

the property of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane that has the higher concentration of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Isoosmotic

A

the property of two solutions that have equal water concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

During osmosis, water molecules move from a region where they are – concentrated to a region where their concentration is –.

A

highly, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The movement occurs across a selectively permeable membrane allows water but very few —- to flow through.

A

solute molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Different water concentrations on the two sides of the membrane are produced by

A

different numbers of solute molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Selective permeability is a key factor in osmosis because it helps to maintain

A

differences in solute concentration on the two sides of biological membranes, such as cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

— are among the most important solutes in establishing the conditions that produce osmosis

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The greater the water concentration gradient, the greater the —– between the two sides.

A

osmotic pressure difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A solution with a higher concentration of solute molecules on one side of a selectively permeable membrane is said to be —- to a solution with a lower concentration of solutes on the other side. Water tends to move to the —- side.

A

hyperosmotic (hypertonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The solution with a lower solute concentration is said to be —- to the solution with the higher solute concentration. Water tends to move from the —- solution.

A

hypoosmotic (hypotonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Solutions with the same solute and water concentrations are

A

isoosmotic (isotonic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Water moves across the membrane when the two solutions have different water concentrations and tends to continue until the two solutions are —-.

A

isoosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Water still moves across the membrane even when the solutions are isoosmotic, but…

A

the water movement is equal in both directions so there is no net movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrostatic pressure refers to

A

the pushing force on water due to the presence of more fluid in one region than another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If the hydrostatic pressure on one side of a membrane is equal to the osmotic pressure on the other side of the membrane, there is no net flow of water. As water continues to cross the membrane, the internal hydrostatic pressure begins to build until it —-.

A

balances the external osmotic pressure and osmosis comes to a stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures are important for the – of plant cells

A

structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The water surrounding most plant roots is —– relative to the inside of the plant cells

A

hypo osmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Therefore, water flows into the root cells and then into the cells of stems and leaves. This inflow of water causes the cells to —–.

A

expand and press against the insides of their cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Turgor pressure (hydrostatic pressure)

A

gives a plant its rigidity and allows it to stand erect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If the surrounding fluid becomes hyperosmotic in relation to the insides of the cells, or if there is a shortage of water…

A

there will be a drop in turgor pressure and the plant will wilt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hydrostatic pressure cannot build in …

A

animal cells because they do not have strong cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

An animal cell that is surrounded by a very dilute, or hypoosmotic, solution, water molecules will

A

continue to enter the cell until it swells and bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Osmoregulation

A

is the process of actively regulating the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

An animal cell that is surrounded by a hyperosmotic solution, water molecules will

A

leave the cell by osmosis and the cell will shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osmosis is a crucial and ongoing process in…

A

the establishment and maintenance of homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The concentrations of water and solutes, both inside and outside of the cells, must be kept in —- and requires the continuous movement of water by — and the movement of solutes by — and — into and out of the cells.

A

a constant balance, osmosis, diffusion, active processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

All organisms need to keep their intracellular and extracellular fluids —

A

isosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Many marine animals such as sponges, jellyfish, sea urchins, squid, and lobsters do not need to…

A

regulate the concentration of their extracellular fluid (concentrations of their intracellular and extracellular fluids are identical to concentrations in the environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Many animals require —- to keep the concentrations of intracellular and extracellular fluids constant, but at levels different from the concentrations in the external environment.

A

more complex control mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Plants must keep a certain minimum osmotic and hydrostatic pressure within their cells to maintain —-.

A

rigidity and transport nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The waste products of metabolism and cell functions are continuously —-

A

eliminated from the body to maintain aqueous homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

To maintain homeostasis, cells regulate their…

A

osmotic concentration, ionic balance and pH balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ions and toxic compounds (amino acids and nucleic acids) must be —-

A

eliminated
- the body’s aqueous internal environment acts as a solvent for these wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Animals maintain their ionic and pH balance through the process of

A

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The maintenance of osmotic concentration while eliminating nitrogenous wastes can be difficult for most terrestrial animals since it requires…

A

significant amounts of water.
- may not be readily available depending on the season or geographical location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Excretion is the —- and serves to maintain the —-

A

elimination of waste products and foreign matter from the body, ionic and osmotic equilibrium that is necessary for cell functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

As the body processes proteins during metabolism, it produces waste molecules, which the liver —

A

converts into soluble metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The body system that regulates the removal of wastes is the —, and its main organs are the —-.

A

excretory (or urinary) system, kidneys and the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The — can filter out these metabolites and eliminate them from the body with other aqueous waste, maintaining the —.

A

kidneys, water and pH balance of the internal environment

35
Q

Bony fishes produce — as nitrogenous waste

A

ammonia

35
Q

Mammals and cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, skates, rays produce — as nitrogenous waste

A

urea

36
Q

Most birds produce — as nitrogenous waste

A

uric acid

36
Q

Most animals are able to form all three of these nitrogen compounds, but the primary method of excretion depends on a balance among —-

A

water conservation, toxicity, and energy requirements

37
Q

the process of deamination (occurs in the liver)

A

-the amino group is removed from each amino acid that comes from the breakdown of a protein
-the amino group is then converted to ammonia and the rest, which is mostly carbon and hydrogen, is oxidized to produce energy.

37
Q

Ammonia is a — and animals with an abundant supply of water are able to secrete ammonia directly from the body in this very dilute form.

A

highly toxic substance

38
Q

In mammals, some reptiles, and most amphibians, the — combines ammonia with — to create — and can be eliminated from the body with less water, allowing — to maintain their water balance.

A

liver, bicarbonate ions, urea, terrestrial animals

39
Q

Birds and some terrestrial invertebrates produce — as their nitrogenous waste product. Uric acid is —. As urine is concentrated in its final stages, the uric acid forms — that are expelled from the body with a — amount of water.

A

uric acid, not toxic and has a low solubility, crystals, minimal

40
Q

One of the main functions of the excretory system which is aided by osmoregulation is to…

A

concentrate wastes and expel them from the body

41
Q

The second main function of the excretory system is to

A

regulate fluids and water within the body

42
Q

(EA) Freshwater fish (trout)

A
  • Tissues lower water concentrations than surrounding medium
  • Takes in water by osmosis through gills (passive transport)
  • Loses salt from tissues by diffusion (passive transport) from high to low
  • Salt reabsorbed by gills and kidneys (active transport) from low to high concentration
  • Much diluted urine is excreted to remove excess water
43
Q

(EA) Marine Fish (cod)

A
  • Tissues higher water concentration than surrounding salt water
  • loses water by osmosis through gills (passive transport)
  • replace water by drinking sea water, which leads to high salt concentration in tissues
  • Extra salt excreted by gills (active transport) from low to high
  • Kidneys reduce water loss by excreting small quantities of concentrated urine
44
Q

(EA) Amphibian

A
  • In water- tissues have low concentration of water and take in water by osmosis (passive transport)
  • Kidneys excrete excess water in urine and reabsorb salt needed to survive (active transport)
  • On land the tissues have a high concentration of water and tend to lose it by osmosis (passive transport)
  • Kidneys reabsorb water from tissues and store in the bladder as a reserve
45
Q

(EA) Reptile

A
  • Tissues have a high-water concentration compared to surroundings
  • Loses water by osmosis and evaporation (passive transport)
  • Replaces water by drinking and eating
  • Converts nitrogenous wastes to insoluble uric acid which can be excreted with little water loss (active transport)
  • Reptiles that live in or around saltwater take in large quantities of salt with their food and rarely or never drink fresh water. These animals usually excrete excess salt through specialized salt glands located in the head.
  • The salt glands remove salts from the blood by active transport and are secreted to the environment as a water solution, in which the salts are two to three times more concentrated than in body fluids.
  • The secretion exits through the nostrils of lizards, and as salty tears from the eye sockets of sea turtles and crocodilians.
46
Q

(EA) Bird

A
  • Tissues have high water concentration compared to air
  • Tends to lose water by osmosis and evaporation (passive transport)
  • Converts nitrogenous waste to insoluble uric acid for excretion. Little water needed for excretion of uric acid and is reabsorbed and conserved by kidneys
  • Birds that live in or around saltwater take in large quantities of salt with their food and rarely or never drink fresh water. These animals usually excrete excess salt through specialized salt glands located in the head.
  • The salt glands remove salts from the blood by active transport and are secreted to the environment as a water solution, in which the salts are two to three times more concentrated than in body fluids.
  • The secretion exits through the nostrils of birds.
47
Q

(EA) Paramecium

A
  • Have an internal environment that is hyperosmotic to their surroundings
  • Need to maintain a fluid balance, or they can eventually burst
  • To expel excess water, these protozoans have contractile vacuoles, which pump out water to maintain osmotic balance
  • A contractile vacuole is a structure in a single-celled organism that maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping excess fluid out of the cell.
48
Q

(EA) Earthworm

A
  • Have excretory organs called metanephridia that expel wastes from the body
  • Metanephridium is an excretory organ in some invertebrates that is used to reabsorb and eliminate wastes
  • In each segment of the earthworm, hemolymph which is a fluid that serves as both interstitial fluid and blood.
  • Hemolymph flows into a pair of metanephridia, which are twisted into convoluted shapes to maximize their surface area.
  • Ions and wastes are reabsorbed from the hemolymph and secreted (along with water) into a saclike organ called a bladder.
  • Excess water and waste products are secreted to the external environment through a pore in the side of the worm’s body.
49
Q

(EA) Grasshopper

A
  • Excrete wastes using a set of organs called Malpighian tubules which are the main organ of excretion in insects, which is used to carry wastes to the intestine
  • The closed ends of these organs are immersed in the hemolymph and the open ends empty into the intestines
  • Uric acid and potassium and sodium ions are secreted into the tubules. As the concentration of these substances’ increases, water moves osmotically from the hemolymph into the tubule to form a dilute waste solution.
  • Urine then travels to the intestines of the insect, where specialized cells reabsorb most of the potassium and sodium ions back into the hemolymph.
  • Water then moves from the intestines back into the hemolymph by osmosis.
  • Uric acid that is left behind forms crystals and is expelled with the insect’s digestive waste product
50
Q

The excretory systems of all vertebrates, including humans, use specialized tubules, called —, which regulate the water balance in the body and conduct excretion.

A

nephrons

51
Q

A nephron is

A

the tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood

52
Q

nephrons are located in the

A

kidneys

53
Q

The — make up the human excretory system.

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

54
Q

kidneys play a critical role in …

A

removing wastes, balancing blood pH, and maintaining the body’s water balance

55
Q

mammals have two kidneys, one on each side of the —

A

vertebral column

56
Q

in humans, the average kidney has a mass of about — and receives about — of the cardiac output (roughly – L/min).

A

150 g, 25 %, 1.25

57
Q

Blood is supplied to the kidney through the —. Kidney filters the wastes from the blood, and the clean blood exits the kidney through the —

A

renal artery, renal veins

58
Q

outer layer of the kidney is called the —

A

renal cortex

59
Q

inner layer of the kidney is called the — and is found beneath the —

A

medulla, renal cortex

60
Q

the — is a hollow cavity that connects the kidney to the —, through which urine passes to the —

A

renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder

61
Q

once the bladder is full (with roughly 300 to 400 mL of urine), the urine exits the body through the —

A

urethra

62
Q

Each kidney contains about — nephrons

A

1 000 000

63
Q

— is a small folded structure in the human kidney that encircles the —

A

Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

64
Q

The glomerulus performs —. The glomerulus is a — within the Bowman’s capsule

A

the first steps in the filtration of blood to form urine, network of capillaries

65
Q

Blood is supplied to the glomerulus by the — and, after being filtered, exits via the — and is carried to a net of capillaries called the —

A

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

66
Q

The — are a net of capillaries in the nephrons that surround the tubules and carry away the urine and allow for the reabsorption of essential ions and minerals from filtered blood back into the bloodstream

A

peritubular capillaries

67
Q

During the first steps of filtration, components of the unfiltered blood pass from the glomerulus into the — and enter a —, which lies in the renal cortex.

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule

68
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is the duct portion of a nephron that connects the …

A

Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle

69
Q

The loop of Henle is the U-shaped part of the duct that connects the — to the —

A

proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

70
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is the duct portion of a nephron that connects the …

A

loop of Henle to the ducts that lead to the renal pelvis

71
Q

In mammals, urine is hypoosmotic to the surrounding body fluids and water tends to move from …

A

urine into the body fluids

72
Q

Features of the Nephrons:Q

A

▪interact to conserve nutrients and water
▪balance salts
▪concentrate wastes for excretion

73
Q

Urine formation is the result of three interrelated processes:

A

▪ Filtration = occurs as body fluids move from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule.
▪ Reabsorption = transfers essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood.
▪ Secretion = transfers materials from the blood back into the nephron.

74
Q

— are too large to pass through the capsule and are retained in the capillaries

A

blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins

75
Q

The fluid that enters the Bowman’s capsule contains only …

A

the smaller molecules which includes metabolic waste. It is an ultrafiltrate of the blood

76
Q

Approximately — of blood pass through the kidneys every day, and the Bowman’s capsules filter about — of fluid from this blood.

A

1400 L, 180 L

77
Q

The human body contains roughly — of blood plasma and the kidneys filter the entire contents of the blood plasma – times every day.

A

2.75 L, 65

78
Q

Approximately about — of the daily filtrate is excreted as urine while the rest consists primarily of water and is —

A

1.5 L, reabsorbed into the nephrons.

79
Q

The fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule, where reabsorption occurs and water, ions, and nutrients are transferred back into the interstitial fluid via —.

A

both passive and active methods

80
Q

Active transport proteins which are embedded in the walls of the tubule reabsorb …

A

the amino acids, glucose, and other nutrients out of the filtrate

81
Q

Urea and other unwanted compounds are —.

A

not reabsorbed

82
Q

The inner walls of the tubule are covered with microscopic extensions called — which greatly increase the total surface area that is available for the reabsorption of solutes.

A

microvilli

83
Q

All of the reabsorption processes make the filtrate — to the interstitial fluid and the water flows out of the tubule and into the interstitial fluid by osmosis.

A

hypoosmotic

84
Q

water movement is facilitated by membrane proteins called —, or water channels, which form passages for additional water molecules to flow out of the tubule.

A

aquaporins

85
Q

Aquaporins ensure that …

A

the maximum amount of water is removed from the tubule during the reabsorption process

86
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs – of sodium ions, potassium ions and chlorine ions, – of water;– of urea and — of the amino acids, glucose, and other nutrients.

A

67 %, 65 %, 50 %, nearly all

87
Q

Concentration of solutes increases with – as fluid — and there is more removal of water through the ducts which greatly increasing the concentration of the urine.

A

depth, descends into the medulla

88
Q

Near the bottom of the medulla, the walls of collecting ducts contain —, which allow some of the nitrogenous wastes to pass from the duct into the interstitial fluid. This urea adds significantly to the concentration gradient of solutes in the medulla

A

passive urea transporters

89
Q

Collecting ducts descend from the cortex of the kidney and through the medulla. They are permeable to …

A

water, but not to salt ions

90
Q

Wastes are secreted at — in the nephron

A

several points

91
Q

Hydrogen ions are — secreted, and the products of detoxified poisons from the liver are — secreted.

A

actively, passively

92
Q

— into the filtrate helps to balance the acidity that is constantly generated in the body by metabolic reactions. It is coupled with the — from the filtrate to the plasma in the peritubular capillaries.

A

Hydrogen ions secretion, bicarbonate ion reabsorption

93
Q

After leaving the collecting ducts, urine flows …

A

into renal pelvis, through ureters, into the urinary bladder and urine exits through the urethra into external environment

bio (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions