CHpater 8- Early tissue Effects Flashcards by Brittney Baron

What is the term for the biologic effects of radiation that occurs SOON after being exposed to HIGH DOSES OF RADIATION?

EARLY EFFECTS (Not common in diagnostic imaging )

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What are two substantial evidence of the consequences of biological (EARLY EFFECTS)?

-Laboratory studies on animals
-Data of observed irradiated human population eg.Hiroshima, Nagasaki

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Early effects are produced by SUBSTANTIAL DOSE OF IONIZING RADIATION T/F

TRUE

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Somatic effects are effects upon the body that was?

IRRADIATED

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Genetic effects are effects upon______generation because of previous irradiation to the germ cells in previous generations

FUTURE GENERATIONS

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Somatic Effects is a biological damage sustained by humans as a consequence of _____?

Exposure to ionizing radiation

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So, Somantic effects depend on the LENGTH OF TIME from the moment of irradiation to the FIRST APPEARANCE OF SYMPTOMS
2 effects that are classified are?

-Early Somatic
-Late Somatic

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Somatic effects: do they have a threshold?

Somatic effects have a THRESHOLD
-A threshold is the point at which effects begin to appear

-NO DEATHS OCCUR BEFORE THE THRESHOLD

They vary depending on the DURATION of time after exposure to ionizing radiation

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Which dose does the Amount of biologic damage depend on?

-Actual absorbed dose

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How soon do Earlt tissue reactions show up?

Appear within
-Minutes
-Hours
-Days
or even weeks from time of exposure

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What amount/type of dose is required to produce these early biologic changes after being irradiated?

Requires a SUBSTANTIAL amount of dose (large amount)

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Do Diagnostic imaging examinations impose early tissue reactions?

Nope, they do not, No Sufficient dose to cause this early effect

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What are some problems you develop from HIGH doses of Early effects?

-Nausea
-EPILATION- loss of hair
-Intestinal disorder
-Erythema- skin reddning
-Blood disorders
-Dry and moist desquamation-peeled skin
-Depressed sperm count
-Temporary or permanent sterility in both male and female
-Injury to Central Nervous system

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What is the Whole body dose that results in manifestations or organic damage occurring in succession (Acute Radiation Syndrome)?

6 Gyt (ARS)

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The radiation sickness called Acute Radiation Syndrome occurs where, when and from what doses?

-LARGE DOSES (whole body reception
-SHORT PERIOD OF TIME

They occur in humans at Large doses of ionizing radiation delivered a short period of time

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We got data from the Epidemiological studies of the human population exposed to doses sufficient to cause ARS were obtained from?

-Atomic bomb survivers (Hiroshima, Nagasaki)
-Marshal islanders 1954- fallout
-Chernobyl disaster 1986

-PATIENT WHO UNDERGO radiation therapy

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Ars is a collection of symptoms associated with HIGH-LEVEL radiation exposure, and

3 separate dose-related syndromes occurred as part of the total body syndrome, what are they?

3 ARS SYNDROMES

-HEMATOPOITIC
-GASTROINTESTINAL
-CEREBROVASCULAR

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Hematopietic syndrome is also called BONE MARROW SYNDROME and ranges from?

1-10 GYt

-6-8weeks

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The Gastrointestinal appears at a threshold dose of approx and peaks at a dose of?

appear 6GYt and peaks after a dose of 10GYt

-3-10 days

-Leukopenia anemia, lethargy, nausea vomit fever diarrhea

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What is the range for cerebrovascular syndrome?

50 Gyt or more

-Several hours or 2 to 3 days

-Edema, coma, loss of vision , respiratory distress

What are the stages of stages of ARS?

-Prodromal -beginning stage
-Latent
-Manifest
-Recovery or death

What are the 3 Manifest illness?

-Hematologic (hematopoietic or bone marrow syndrome
-Gastrointestinal syndrome
-Cerebrovascular CNS Syndrome

TOTAL BODY EXPOSURE

LD50

How long would the prodromal stage last?

Last up to 3 days- appears within h
-reduction in low white blood cells (leukopenia)

Latent period week 1, the patient feels we'll, but?

They believe they have recovered -Low dose- last weeks '-High dose- last from few hrs

The corpuscular system that is the most radiosensitive is?

Hematopietic -survival time decreases as radiation dose increases

Hematopitic occurs at a low ranges from 1-10GYt and patients recover, what doses are not lethal?

1-2 Gyt

What is the main feature in hematopoietic that results from decreased blood counts?

Bone marrow destruction -lethargy, fever malaise -death-6-8 wks - Patient who recovers do so in 6 months (increased long-term effects)

What does Gastrointestinal range and is it lethal?

Ranges 6-10 Gyt (10-50gyt bushomg) 1-1000-500 rad -always LETHAL - damage to the stem cells of intestinal epithelium (intestinal bleeding) vomiting and diarrhea -Death occurs 3-10 days after symptoms without medical support

THe most SEVERE, CNS SYNDROME, occurs at what range?

-MOST SEVERE -OVER 50 GYT (5000 RAD) -DESTRUCTION OF SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN- LETHARYGY COMA\ -DEATH WITHIN HOURS TO 3 DAYS AFTER EXPOSED

What is the Estimated LETHAL DOSE and what it SIGNIFIES?

ADULT- 3.0-4.0 Gyt lethal dose (3.5 G gy WOULD DIE) LD 50/30- Whole body dose exposed to 50% and can die after 30 days (50% of the exposed population within 30 days)

Acute radiation lethality follows a?

THRESHOLD NON LINEAR MODEL ADULT- 3.0-4.0 Gyt lethal dose (3.5 G gy WOULD DIE) 6 - NO ONE WOULD SURVIVE

Other LDS SUCH AS

LD 10/30 LD50/60 LD 100/60 LD 50/60 may be more accurate for humans

How much percent is is irreparable?

Approximately 10% of radiation-induced damage is irreparable, whereas the remaining 90% may be repaired over time

What would happen if an organ or tissue fails to occur?

Necrosis, or death of the irradiated biological structure results

Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on:

-Radiosensitivity -Reproductive characteristics -Growth rate

The skin has 3 layers and they are?

 Three layers of the skin:  Epidermis (outer layer)  Dermis (middle layer)  Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)  Accessory structures include:  Hair follicles  Sensory receptors  Sebaceous glands  Sweat glands

What is the effect developed from ionization on the skin?

Radiodermis- cancerous lesion Desquemestion Epilation-loss of hair

They were historical evidence of treating ringworms, what were they

Grenz rays (x ray 10-20kvp)

Oncology patients who recieved orthovoltage radiation therpajy treatment received skin damage from and such as?

(200-300kvp) ERYTHEMA AND MOIST DESQUEMATION

What procedures can cause significant effects on skin?

Cardiovascular or therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods of time can cause significant effects on the skin

Radiosensitivity of GERM CELLS REFERS TO?

The gonadal dose that can depress the male sperm population or cause a genetic mutation in future generations -DELAY OR SUPPRESS MENSTRUATION -PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY STERILITY IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE

MALE SPERM STAGE

SPERMMATOGONIA-SPERMOCYTE-SPERMATID-SPERM PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE- MATURE FOLLICLE- CORPUS LUTEUM-OVUM

OVARIES

FEMALE GONADAL STEM CELL- OOGONIA------OOCYTES LATE FETAL LIFE OOCYTES ARE THE MOST RAD-SENSITIVE

4 POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF OOCYTE

ATROPHY-REDUCTION OR SHRINKAGE IN SIZE- GERM CELL DEATH' -DELAYED MENSTRUATION 100MGyT - Sterility (2 Gy temporary) (5 Gy permanent) Genetic Mutations (200-250 Mgy 25-50 rad)

Gonadal Effects: Testes The stem cells of the testes are the There are four possible effects:

spermatogonia; they are more sensitive than mature spermatozoa. (1) atrophy - which requires high doses (2) reduction in sperm count – 100 mGyt (10 rad) (3) sterility  (a) 2 Gyt (200 rad) temporary infertility  (b) 5 Gyt (500 rad) permanent infertility (4) genetic mutations in the stem cell can occur at 100 mGyt(10 rad). Men who have received doses of > 10 r to the testes are sometimes advised to refrain from procreation for 2 - 4 months

hematologic depression as a means for monitoring imaging personnELS

-1920-1930 PERIODIC BLOOD COUNT -0.25 GY -HEMO DEPRESSION