Cholinergic Neurotransmitters

Question 1

What channel is nicotinic receptor

Answer 1

Ion gated channel

Question 2

What channel is muscarinic receptors

Answer 2

G protein coupled receptor

Question 3

Which muscarinic receptors are inhibitory and which excitatory

Answer 3

1, 3, 5 - excitatory
2, 4 - inhibitory

Question 4

What is G protein and its types

Answer 4

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins
Gs
Gi
Go
Gq

Question 5

Explain all the G protein types

Answer 5

Question 6

What is the place of nicotinic ach receptors

Answer 6

Question 7

What does muscarinic Ach receptors produce

Answer 7

Parasympathetic nerve effects in the heart, smooth muscles, and glands

Question 8

Drugs affecting the PNS are useful for what

Answer 8

Question 9

Neurons that release acetylcholine are what

Answer 9

Cholinergic

Question 10

cholinergic agonists are called

Answer 10

Parasympathomimetics

Question 11

Cholinergic antagonists are called

Answer 11

Parasympatholytics

Question 12

Explain the structure of acetylcholine and why you can’t take it orally

Answer 12

Question 13

Explain the biosynthesis of acetylcholine

Answer 13

Question 14

What inhibits acetylcholine esterase

Answer 14

Phosphorus compounds

Question 15

Why can’t we use acetylcholine as agonist

Answer 15

Flexible
Nonselective
Polar will not cross the membrane

Question 16

Muscadine mimics what

Answer 16

The action of Ach

Question 17

Where can you find M 2 and M3

Answer 17

Peripheral autonomic tissues

Question 18

Where can you find M1 and M4

Answer 18

Brain and autonomic ganglia

Question 19

With what does the M1 3 5 interact with

Answer 19

Question 20

With what do M2 4 interact with

Answer 20

Question 21

What are the advantages of acetylcholine

Answer 21

Natural messenger
Easily synthesized

Question 22

What are the disadvantages of acetylcholine

Answer 22

Question 23

What are the requirements for cholinergic agonists

Answer 23

Question 24

Explain the acetylcholine in the muscarinic binding site

Answer 24

Question 25

Summarize the SAR of acetylcholine

Answer 25

Question 26

Explain the active conformation of acetylcholine

Answer 26

Question 27

Explain the rigid analogues of acetylcholine

Answer 27

Question 28

Explain choline ester

Answer 28

Question 29

How to make choline ester have stability against hydrolysis

Answer 29

Question 30

What is a disadvantage of carbachol and how to solve it

Answer 30

Question 31

Explain the design of bethanechol

Answer 31

Question 32

Explain pilocarpine

Answer 32

Question 33

List the biological responses of cholinomimetics

Answer 33

Question 34

What is the clinical use of muscarinic cholinergic agonists

Answer 34

Question 35

What is the clinical use of nicotinic cholinergic agents

Answer 35

Question 36

Explain cholinergic agonist

Answer 36

Question 37

What is anti-cholinesterase

Answer 37

Question 38

How fast is Ach hydrolyzed

Answer 38

Question 39

AchE inhibitors are what

Answer 39

Indirect cholinomimetics

Question 40

What are the two main classes of AchE inhibitors

Answer 40

Carbamates
Organophosphorus compounds

Question 41

What is the normal mechanism of AchE

Answer 41

Question 42

Explain the reversible AchE inhibitor

Answer 42

Question 43

Give example of carbamates

Answer 43

Question 44

What is the clinical use of physostigmine

Answer 44

Question 45

Explain neostigmine and pyridostigmine

Answer 45

Question 46

What is the difference between physostigmine and neostigmine, pyridostigmine

Answer 46

Question 47

Explain the irreversible AchE inhibitor

Answer 47

Question 48

How to treat organophosphate compounds poisoning

Answer 48

Question 49

Explain nicotinic agonist

Answer 49

Question 50

Nicotinic agonists are used in treatment of what

Answer 50

Question 51

Explain cholinolytics

Answer 51

Question 52

What is the clinical use of muscarinic antagonists

Answer 52

Question 53

List the muscarinic antagonists

Answer 53

Atropine
Hyoscine
Atropine methonitrate
Ipratropium

Question 54

Explains Atropine

Answer 54

Question 55

What is the clinical use of atropine

Answer 55

Question 56

What is the contraindication of atropine

Answer 56

Glaucoma

Question 57

How to make Ach antagonist

Answer 57

Add aromatic ring in the ester group

Question 58

Explain Hyoscine and its use

Answer 58

Question 59

What is a similarity between atropine and Hyoscine

Answer 59

Question 60

Compare between atropine and Ach

Answer 60

Question 61

Explain Atropine Methonitrate and its use

Answer 61

Question 62

Explain Ipratropium and its use

Answer 62

Question 63

Explain Tiotropium bromide and its uses

Answer 63

Question 64

Explain the SAR for antagonists

Answer 64

Question 65

What are the two types of nicotinic antagonists

Answer 65

Ganglionic blocking agent
Skeletal neuromuscular blocking agent

Question 66

Explain ganglionic blocking agent

Answer 66

Question 67

Explain skeletal neuromuscular blocking agents

Answer 67

Question 68

List neuromuscular blocking agents

Answer 68

Curare
Decamethonium
Suxamethonium
Atracurium
Snake toxin

Question 69

Explain curare

Answer 69

Question 70

What is the clinical use of curare

Answer 70

Question 71

Explain decamethonium

Answer 71

Question 72

Explain Suxamethonium

Answer 72

Question 73

Explain Atracurium

Answer 73

Question 74

Explain mecamylamine

Answer 74

Question 75

What is mecamylamine used for

Answer 75

Question 76

Explain Snake toxin

Answer 76