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Chemistry > Chemistry- module 4 > Flashcards

Chemistry- module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons-

A

Contain only single carbon-carbon bonds

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2
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons-

A

Contain at least one double carbon-carbon bond or triple carbon-carbon bond

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3
Q

Alicyclic hydrocarbons-

A

Are saturated or unsaturated cyclic structures, contain rings of carbon atoms

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4
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons-

A

Are saturated or unsaturated structures which are branched or unbranched, (saturated and unsaturated cyclic structures can also be called aliphatic)

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5
Q

Both aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons do not contain-

A

Benzene rings

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6
Q

Alkanes are ___ hydrocarbons and contain only ___ carbon-carbon bonds

A

Saturated, Single

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7
Q

In an alkane all bond angles around the carbon atoms are-

A

109.5

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8
Q

Homologous series-

A

These are organic compounds which contain the same functional group and successive member differ by a -CH2 group.

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9
Q

Why do alkanes form a homologous series-

A

Same functional group, single carbon-carbon bonds. (Leads to similar chemical reactivity).
Successive members differ by -CH2 group. (Leads to trends in physical properties).

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10
Q

E.g why does the bp of alkanes increase down the homologous series?

A

Due to the increase in strength of the London forces. This is due to the successive members having more electrons and larger temporary dipoles. The London forces consequently require more energy to be overcome.

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11
Q

Functional group-

A

This is the part of an organic molecule which is responsible for its chemical reactions.

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12
Q

Alkanes functional group-

A

C-C

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13
Q

Alkenes functional group-

A

C=C

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14
Q

Alkyne functional group-

A

C

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15
Q

Alcohols functional group-

A

-OH

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16
Q

Haloalkanes functional groups-

A

-Cl
-Br
-I

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17
Q

Ketones functional group-

A

C-CO-C

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18
Q

Aldeyhydes functional group-

A

-CHO

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19
Q

Carboxylic acids functional group-

A

-COOH

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20
Q

Empirical formula-

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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21
Q

Molecular formula-

A

The actual number of each atoms of each element In a compound.

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22
Q

General formula-

A

The simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series.

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23
Q

Alkanes formula + MF

A

CnH2n+2

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24
Q

Alkenes formula + MF

A

CnH2n

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25
Q

Alkynes formula + MF

A

CnH2n-2

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26
Q

Cycloalkanes formula + MF

A

CnH2n

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27
Q

Alcohols formula and MF

A

CnH2n+1OH
CnH2n+2O

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28
Q

Aldehydes formula and MF

A

CnH2nO

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29
Q

Ketones formula and MF

A

CnH2nO

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30
Q

Carboxylic acids formula and MF

A

CnH2n+1COOH
CnH2nO2

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31
Q

Displayed formula-

A

Shows how each atom is bonded to other atoms in the molecule and relative positions of each atom. Covalent bonds are shown

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32
Q

Structural formula-

A

This shows the arrangement of atoms without drawing the covalent bonds.

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33
Q

Structural isomerism-

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but have different structural formulars.

34
Q

Curly arrow represents-

A

The movement of electrons.

35
Q

The movement of a pair of electrons in shown by a ___ ___ arrow drawn from the bond or a lone pair.

A

Double headed

36
Q

This type of bond breakage is called-

A

Heterolytic fission

37
Q

The movement of a single electron is represented by a ___ ___ arrow. (Fish hook)

A

Single headed

38
Q

This type of bond breakage is called-

A

Homolytic fission

39
Q

A Nucleophile has a ___ pair or a ___ charge which it can use to form a new bond. It attacks electron ___ areas. (With a + charge or a partial + charge)

A

Lone
Negative
Deficient

40
Q

A Electrophile has a ___ charge or a ___ ___ charge. It attacks electron ___ areas. (Such as a c=c double bonds)

A

Positive
Partial positive
Rich

41
Q

A radical has an ___ electron which wants to pair up. It is very reactive and doesn’t mind where it attacks.

A

Unpaired

42
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

43
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor

44
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron.

45
Q

Additional reaction has _ moles of reactant that forms _ mole of product.

A

2
1

46
Q

Substitution reaction has _ moles of reactants that are converted to _ moles of product.

A

2
2

47
Q

Elimination reaction has _ mole of reactants that is converted to _ moles of product.

A

1
2

48
Q

What is crude oil made out of?

A

Decomposition of Dead Sea plants and animals which were put under heat and pressure million of years ago.

49
Q

What is the physical form of crude oil?

A

Thick black liquid

50
Q

First 3 stages of fractional distillation-

A

1) crude oil (mixture of different length carbons) fed in.
2) crude oil is vaporised in the furnace.
3) gaseous crude oil enters fractional distillation column.

51
Q

Stages 4-6 of fractional distillation-

A

4) the fractionating column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top.
5) short-chained hydrocarbons have lower bp and condense near the top where the temp is lower then their bp.
6) long-chained hydrocarbons have higher bp and condense near the bottom.

52
Q

Stages 7 and 8 of fractional distillation-

A

7) the residue contains hydrocarbons which are too long to boil and are removed at the bottom.
8) gases (petroleum gas) do not condense because the temp at the top is not lower enough.

53
Q

Fractional distillation-

A

The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions.

54
Q

Effect of chain length on bp of alkanes (increased length)-

A

-more points of contact between neighbouring molecules.
-Stronger London forces between molecules.
-More energy is required to separate longer hydrocarbons.

55
Q

Effect of branching on bp of alkanes-

A

-have weaker London forces between the molecules.
-They have few points of contact due to the branches preventing the molecules from coming closer together.
-Require less energy to be separated.

56
Q

What kind of mechanism does halogenation of alkanes proceed by?

A

Radical substitution

57
Q

Radical substitution: step one-

A

Initiation:
UV light
Cl2 -> 2Cl*
Homolytic fission

58
Q

Radical substitution: step two-

A

Propagation:
Step 1-
CH4 +Cl* -> CH3 + HCl
Step 2-
CH3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl
Overall reaction:
CH4 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + HCl

59
Q

Radical substitution: step three-

A

Termination:
CH3 + Cl* -> CH3Cl
CH3 + CH3 -> C2H6
2Cl -> Cl2

60
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only C-H bonds only

61
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A

Sigma bonds
Pi bonds

62
Q

Sigma bonds are formed when the ___ of two ___ overlap along the line drawn through the two ___.

A

Orbitals
Atoms
Nuclei

63
Q

Pi bonds are formed when the ___ orbitals on two ___ are perpendicular to the line drawn through the two ___. Formed when two _ orbitals overlap side on.

A

Overlapping
Atoms
Nuclei
P

64
Q

Which bond is stronger pi-bond or sigma-bond? And why?

A

Sigma bond is stronger because side on overlap of 2 p orbitals is less then end on overlap.

65
Q

Both carbon atoms in ethene have…

A

3 sigma bonds
1 pi bond

66
Q

When are the 3 sigma bonds in ethene formed? And how many electrons?

A

Formed when the carbon 2s, 2Px and 2Py orbitals overlap with the two hydrogen 1s and adjacent carbon 2s orbitals. Contains two electrons which can be found above or below the plane of atoms.

67
Q

What is the pi bond in ethene formed by? And how many electrons?

A

Formed by the side on overlap of 2Pz orbitals on adjacent carbon atoms. Each 2Pz orbital contains one electron.

68
Q

Cis-trans isomerism requirements?

A

1) a carbon-carbon double bond must be present
2) two different groups on each carbon in C=C bond. One group must be hydrogen and the other group is the same.

69
Q

Trans isomer example

A

Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of C=C

70
Q

Cis isomerism example

A

Hydrogen atoms on same side of C=C

71
Q

E-Z isomerism requirements?

A

1) a carbon-carbon double bond must be present
2) two different groups must be on each carbon in the C=C bond with only one group common on both carbons.

72
Q
A
73
Q
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74
Q
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75
Q
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76
Q
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77
Q
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78
Q
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79
Q
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80
Q
A

Chemistry (4 decks)

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