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Normal Language > Chapters 5-9 Final Review > Flashcards

Chapters 5-9 Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

A ____ is a rule governed variant of a language.

A

Dialect

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2
Q

Bilingual is defined as the ability to speak both languages fluently.

A
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3
Q

The distinction between simultaneous bilinguals and sequential bilinguals is the ________in which they are introduced to the second language.

A

age

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4
Q

Bilingual development can be complicated by the fact that bilingual children skills can vary by ________________.

A

language domain

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5
Q

It is typical for bilingual children to have language loss.

A

true

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6
Q

Code mixing is the use of phonological, lexical, morphosyntactic, or pragmatic patterns from two languages in _______________

A

same utterance

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7
Q

Code mixing is considered a language disorder.

A

false

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8
Q

At what age should you introduce both languages to be considered simultaneously bilingual?

A

3-5

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9
Q

Speech emergence is what primary stage of speech and language development in bilinguals

A

stage III

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10
Q

________ is defined as language specific features found in production of the other language.

A

transfer

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11
Q

A _________conveys information from one language to another when the message is oral.

A

interpreter

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12
Q

A _______conveys information from one language to another when the information is written.

A

translator

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13
Q

In this stage of the primary stages of speech and language development of bilingual children,. They show improved comprehension and a receptive and expressive vocabulary of 6000 words.

A

stage IV

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14
Q

In this stage of the primary stages of speech and language development of bilingual children, they undergo a silent period, they focus on receptive language

A

stage I

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15
Q

________is referred to when bilinguals have skills in one language but not in the other

A

language dominance

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16
Q

Being bilingual places you at risk for developing language disorders

A
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17
Q

The distance between the level of performance a child can reach unaided and the level of participation that can be accomplished when guided is what ___________ is based on.

A

dynamic assessment

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18
Q

Evidence based practice refers to valid, is based on:

A

Clinical research, reliable and valid therapy that has been tested

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19
Q

The outer ear is made up of the ear canal and the __________

A

eardrum

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20
Q

The middle ear is the space behind the eardrum. It contains the smallest bones of the body and they are known as the __________

A

ossicles

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21
Q

Otitis media is an ___________

A

ear infection

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22
Q

Damage to the sensory/hair cells in the cochlea result in which type of hearing loss?

A

sensory hearing loss

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23
Q

A problem of the outer or middle ear that prevents sound from being transferred properly is known as a _________

A

conductive hearing loss

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24
Q

50% of the sensorineural hearing loss is due to birth complications due to prematurity

A
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25
Q

The degree of hearing loss from otitis media is 50 decibels.

A

false

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26
Q

Ear infections occur most often in children between 6 months and 2 years because of inflammation of the eustachian tube, upper respiratory tract infections and ____________.

A

The angle and length of the eustachian tube

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27
Q

A minimal hearing impairment is a loss of 16-25 dB HL.

A

true

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28
Q

Noise induced hearing loss can be caused by a lot of exposure to noise.

A

true

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29
Q

Some toys produce sounds as loud as the noise of a jet plane

A

true

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30
Q

Difficulty perceiving speech that is is affected by background noise and competing signals in the contralateral ear or rapid presentation are called:

A

Central auditory processing disorders

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31
Q

Unilateral hearing loss does not affect academic progress.

A

false

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32
Q

It describes the type, degree and configuration of the hearing loss ___________.

A

audiogram

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33
Q

It describes the type, degree and configuration of the hearing loss ___________.

A

audiogram

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34
Q

Hertz (Hz) is the number of cycles that an object makes when put into motion

A

true

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35
Q

A unit for expressing the relative intensity (loudness of sounds.)

A

decibels

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36
Q

A mild hearing loss is

A

21-40 dB HL

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37
Q

The method of calculating the number of morphemes in children’s utterances involves counting some 2-3 word phrases as only a single word.

A

true

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38
Q

Mean Length utterance is the average number of morphemes in children’s words.

A

true

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39
Q

There are______ morphemes in the following utterance. ”I saw Big Bird”

A

3

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40
Q

The number of morphemes in the following statement are….” My mom works at school.”

A

6

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41
Q

Abilities present at birth in the human brain that are not acquired are known as_________

A

innate

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42
Q

An organized representation of knowledge is also known as a _________.

A

schemas

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43
Q

There are three types of neurons, _________, sensory and interneuron

A

motor

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44
Q

Children have an expressive vocabulary of _________ at 24 months.

A

200

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45
Q

When a child learns two languages, the child’s true vocabulary knowledge is scored, rather than the language that is being learned. This is known as ____________.

A

Conceptual scoring

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46
Q

When a child labels all animals that are furry and have 4 legs “doggy” it is known as _________.

A

overextension

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47
Q

The cognitive process that involves fitting this new entity into an existing schema is called_________.

A

Assimilation

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48
Q

___________involves changing an existing schema to make the new entity fit.

A

Accommodation

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49
Q

What is the stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development where children form ideas based on their perceptions

A

preoperational

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50
Q

____________ are things or events that excite infants; sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell

A

stimuli

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51
Q

In this stage of Piaget’s theory of development, Children discover the environment, and learn through sensory perception and motor activity.____________

A

sensorimotor

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52
Q

__________is when children remember that an object exists even if it is not seen.

A

object permanence

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53
Q

Between 18-12 months, infants can anticipate events they also establish goals and ways of getting what they want. This is known as _________________

A

means end behavior

54
Q

When children understand the world through mental operations rather than actions it is known as ____________

A

Representational thought

55
Q

Language and play are both dependent on __________,

A

engagement

56
Q

When children create roles for others in a play scheme is known as __________.

A

decentration

57
Q

Two things that play a role in children’s pretend play are causal cognition and _________

A

counterfactual reasoning

58
Q

During joint attention when the infant and another person share the same direction of eye gaze, the most significant feature is that ___________

A

they say their first words

59
Q

__________awareness is a factor in children’s literacy development

A

phonological

60
Q

___________allows children to hold, process and manipulate information or keep this information in mind.

A

working memory

61
Q

The ability to perceive and understand sounds that are associated with spoken language is _________

A

auditory perception

62
Q

The first stage of babbling in which the infant produces the same consonant vowel syllables is known as______________

A

Reduplicated babbling

63
Q

Babbling occurs between these months_________

A

5-10

64
Q

In what stage of infant productions do you hear vegetative sounds such as burping and coughing?

A

reflexive

65
Q

The speech production that is very similar to an adults speech production in intonation and rhythm and is intermixed with real words is known as_________

A

jargon

66
Q

The four stages of cognitive skills are: perception, attention, memory, thought and __________

A

reasoning

67
Q

The knowledge needed to achieve or accomplish a goal. Knowledge that was not explicitly taught or talked about to the infant. Instead, it is knowledge that is possessed by the infant._________

A

practical intelligence

68
Q

What is the requirement in understanding pronouns?

A

perspective talking

69
Q

Prosody is a communicative tool that involves __________, intensity and frequency when producing words.

A

duration

70
Q

Speech is defined as the verbal means of communicating through____________

A

articulation

71
Q

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that create a _________ in meaning.

A

meaning

72
Q

Theory of mind is the ability to understand the mental states of _____________.

A

others

73
Q

A person, place or thing is a ___________.

A

noun

74
Q

Communication is the process of exchanging information through a speaker’s ideas, _______, feelings, needs, or desires.

A

thoughts

75
Q

An example of a paralinguistic cue is ______________.

A

affect

76
Q

Linguistic competence involves the acquisition and use of ___________, phonology, syntax, and semantics.

A

morphology

77
Q

Phonology is the part of language that is concerned with the ______________of speech sounds for word formation.

A

combination

78
Q

Language is defined as a shared ______ that represents concepts through the use of arbitrary ____________.

A

code; symbols

79
Q

A phonological process describes a child’s production that ___________ from the target word produced by adults

A

differs

80
Q

Syntax is a component of language that involves ______ for combining words to form sentences.

A

rules

81
Q

Grammar is the description of a language with respect to its components. These are ______, content and use

A

form

82
Q

Verbs are _____ words.

A

action

83
Q

Morphemes are the ____________ distinctive units of words that determine meaning

A

minimum

84
Q

Semantics describes the ________ that is conveyed by words.

A

meaning

85
Q

Pragmatics refers to the appropriate use of language in _____________.

A

social interaction

86
Q

A speech act labels a speaker’s __________ or __________.

A

intent/meaning

87
Q

Modal auxiliary verbs makes speech more__________.

A

polite

88
Q

Cognition involves knowledge and _______________.

A

intellectual level

89
Q

Working memory is defined as the holding of _____________in mind as well as updating it when necessary.

A

information

90
Q

______________ allows you to know what information is already known by the listener.

A

social cognition

91
Q

______________ refers to the cognitive abilities used to control and coordinate information for planning goals, controlling responses, keeping information, shifting between tasks.

A

executive function

92
Q

Metalinguistic abilities are the ability to think overtly about ___________; manipulate the structural features of phonemes, words or sentences

A

language

93
Q

__________________ is the child’s self-knowledge of his own language and thought processes.

A

metacognition

94
Q

The Central Nervous system in humans is composed of the ________ and _________.

A

brain and spinal cord

95
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system. A nerve cell that receives and sends electrical signals within the body.

A

neuron

96
Q

The ability of the brain to change and adapt when the individual is exposed to new experiences is called______________.

A

neuroplasticity

97
Q

Chemicals that allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across a synaptic cleft are _______________.

A

neurotransmitters

98
Q

Nerve cells that transmit information to the central nervous system that includes sensations: sight, touch, smell, hearing are ____________

A

sensory neurons

99
Q

Nerve cells that transmit directions to muscles for movement are _____________.

A

motor neurons

100
Q

____________is the cell body of the neuron and integrates and transmits information to other cells.

A

soma

101
Q

The _____________allows transfer of sensory, motor and cognitive information between the two hemispheres.

A

corpus callosum

102
Q

The ___________ is the projection of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from the neuron.

A

axon

103
Q

The _________is the projection of the nerve cell that conducts impulses to the cell body.

A

dendrite

104
Q

The ___________is responsible for control of connected speech efforts important for performance of voluntary actions.

A

cerebellum

105
Q

The ____________ is responsible for planning, execution, and monitoring, writing.

A

Parietal Lobe

106
Q

The ___________is responsible for speech reception or understanding of spoken language.

A

temporal lobe

107
Q

____________is the primary auditory area and plays a role in processing linguistic information.

A

heschls gyrus

108
Q

____________is located in the left frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production.

A

Brocas area

109
Q

____________is located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for understanding sounds

A

Wernickes area

110
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca’s are to Wernicke’s area is the ____________.

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

111
Q

This cranial nerve is involved in facial expression._______

A

VII

112
Q

This cranial nerve is innervates the speech production muscles._______

A

V

113
Q

This cranial nerve is involved in the function of the tongue and pharynx.________

A

IX

114
Q

_____________is the ability to discriminate between sounds.

A

Categorical perception

115
Q

A sheet that covers some neurons and allows the electrical stimulation to move faster from neuron to neuron is the ________________.

A

myelin

116
Q

The ___________ is the space between neurons.

A

synaptic cleft

117
Q

The _________lobe is responsible for visual sensory input.

A

occipital lobe

118
Q

Is a type of neuron that fires when individuals perceive the facial expressions or actions of others.

A

mirror neuron

119
Q

The ability to draw conclusions from written text is known as _______________.

A

abstract thought

120
Q

A subcortical structure that plays a role in reading and language processing is the ____________.

A

basal ganglia

121
Q

_________________. Is the relay station, conveying information to and from the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

122
Q

The ability to understand others’ mental states, such as an individual’s beliefs, intents and wishes is ____________.

A

theory of mind

123
Q

An innate language acquisition device (LAD) allows children to establish grammatical information from spoken language.

A

Principles and Parameters

124
Q

Language develops through experience with language as it is used in the environment. Language information is gained from interaction with peers and adults with more advanced language skills.

A

Social interaction

125
Q

Language develops through pattern finding for language used across different situations.

A

Emergentism

126
Q

Children learn through schemas, consisting of psychological structures that allow children to attach meaning to entities.

A

cognitive

127
Q

_______________are innate language general rules that include general principles that apply to all languages.

A

principles

128
Q

_____________are psychological structures that allow children to understand, attach meaning and organize knowledge about entities they are exposed to in the environment.

A

schemas

129
Q

________________are language specific rules that apply to the specific syntactic structure for different languages.

A

parameters

130
Q

__________________ is the approach frequently used by adults to support learning language.

A

Scaffolding

131
Q

_______________is the ability to produce words for entities or events that are out of sight.

A

object permanence

132
Q

________________describes the distance between a child’s actual development and ta child’s and his potential development.

A

Zone of proximal development

Normal Language (6 decks)

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