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Psychology Statistical Methods > chapter one-text > Flashcards

chapter one-text Flashcards

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1
Q

statistics

A

a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information

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2
Q

population

A

set of all individuals of interest in a study

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3
Q

sample

A

set of individuals selected from a population

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4
Q

random sample

A

everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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5
Q

variable

A

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

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6
Q

independent variable

A

what is being manipulated = group

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7
Q

dependent variable

A

what are we looking for = outcome

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8
Q

data

A

measurements or observations

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9
Q

data set

A

a collection of measurements or observations

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10
Q

datum

A

a single measurement of observation and is commonly called a score or raw score

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11
Q

parameter

A

a value, numerical, that describes a population

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12
Q

statistic

A

a value, numerical, that describes a sample

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13
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

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14
Q

inferential statistics

A

techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected

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15
Q

sampling error

A

naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

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16
Q

a researcher is interested in the netflix binge-watching habits of american college students. a group of 50 students is interviewed and the researcher finds average of 6.7 hours is an example of a(n) ______________.
a. parameter
b. statistic
c. population
d. sample

A

b. statistic

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17
Q

researchers are interested in how robins in new york state care for their newly hatched chicks, the team measures how many times per day the adults visit their nests to feed their young. the entire group of robins in the state is an example of a __________.
a. sample
b. statistic
c. population
d. parameter

A

c. population

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18
Q

statistical techniques that use sample data to draw conclusions about the population are:____________.
a. population statistics
b. sample statistics
c. descriptive statistics
d. inferential statistics

A

d. inferential statistics

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19
Q

the sat is standardizes so that the population average score on the verbal test is 500 each year. in a sample of 100 graduating seniors who have taken the verbal sat, what value would you expect to obtain for their average verbal sat score?
a. 500
b. greater than 500
c. less than 500
d. around 500 but probably not equal to 500

A

d. around 500 but probably not equal to 500

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20
Q

constructs

A

internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior

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21
Q

operational definition

A

a measurement procedure for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct

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22
Q

discrete variable

A

separate, indivisible categories

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23
Q

continuous variable

A

divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

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24
Q

real limits

A

the boundaries of intervals for scores that are presented on a continuous number line; each score has two real limits

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25
Q

upper real limit

A

the top of the interval

26
Q

lower real limit

A

bottom of the interval

27
Q

nominal scale

A

a set of categories that have different names-label + categorizes observations

28
Q

ordinal scale

A

a set of categories organized into an ordered sequence such as size or magnitude

29
Q

interval scale

A

ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size; DOES NOT HAVE AN ABSOLUTE ZERO i.e. degrees-has negatives

30
Q

ratio scale

A

interval scale WITH AN ABSOLUTE ZERO i.e. inches, pounds do not have negatives

31
Q

an operational definition is used to __________ a hypothetical construct.
a. define
b. measure
c. measure and define
d. none of the above

A

c. measure and define

32
Q

a researcher studies the factors that determine the length of time a consumer stays on a website before clicking off. the variable, length of time is an example of a ___________ variable.
a. discrete
b. continuous
c. nominal
d. ordinal

A

b. continuous

33
Q

a researcher records the number of bites a goat takes of different plants. the variable, number of bites, is an example of a _________ variable.
a. discrete
b. continuous
c. nominal
d. ordinal

A

a. discrete

34
Q

when measuring height to the nearest inch, what are the real limits for a score of 68.0 inches?
a. 67 and 69
b. 67.5 and 68.5
c. 67.75 and 68.75
d. 67.75 and 68.25

A

b. 67.5 and 68.5

35
Q

the professor in a communications class asks students to identify their favorite reality television show. the different tv shows make up a _______ scale of measurement.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio

A

a. nominal

36
Q

ranking jobs, taking into account growth potential, work-like balance, and salary, would be an example of measurement on a(n) ________ scale.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ration

A

b. ordinal

37
Q

descriptive research

A

measuring one or more separate variable for each individual with the intent of simply describing the individual variables

38
Q

correlational method

A

two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

39
Q

experimental method

A

one variable is manipulated, while another is observed and measured

40
Q

individual differences

A

differences from one participant to another

41
Q

control condition

A

those in this category do not receive the experimental treatment, however they can receive a placebo treatment

42
Q

experimental condition

A

those in this category receive the experimental treatment

43
Q

quasi-independent variable

A

the “independent variable” that is used to create the different groups of scores

44
Q

which of the following is most likely to be a purely correlational study?
a. one variable and one group
b. one variable and two groups
c. two variables and one group
d. two variable and two groups

A

c. two variables and one group

45
Q

a research study comparing alcohol use for college students in the usa and canada reports that more canadian student drink but american student more. what research design did this study use?
a. correlational
b. experimental
c. nonexperimental
d. noncorrelational

A

c. nonexperimental

46
Q

stephens, arkins, and kingston found that participants were able to tolerate more pain when they shouted their favorite wear words over and over than when they shouted neutral words. what’s the independent variable?
a. the amount of pain tolerated
b. the participants who shouted sweat words
c. the participants who shouted neutral words
d. the kind of word shouted by the participant

A

d. the kind of word shouted by the participant

47
Q

the letter x

A

represents scores for a particular variable

48
Q

Σ (sigma)

A

summation

49
Q

ΣX

A

sum of all scores

50
Q

Σ(X-1)

A

subtract one from each score; then add all

51
Q

Σ(X^2)

A

square each score; then add all

52
Q

(ΣX)^2

A

find ΣX; then square the sum

53
Q

Σ(X-1)^2

A

subtract one from each score; square each of the (X-1) values; add the (X-1)^2 values

54
Q

ΣX

A

sum of all values in the X column

55
Q

ΣY

A

sum of all values in the Y column

56
Q

ΣXΣY

A

add the X values and add the Y values; multiply these sums

57
Q

ΣXY

A

multiply X time Y for each individual; add the products

58
Q

what value is represented by the lowercase letter n?
a. the number of scores in a population
b. the number of scores in a sample
c. the number of values to be added in a summation problem
d. the number of steps in a summation problem

A

b. the number of scores in a sample

59
Q

what is the value of Σ(X-2) for the following scores: 6, 2, 4, 2?
a. 12
b. 10
c. 8
d. 6

A

d. 6

60
Q

what is the first step in the calculation of (ΣX)^2?
a. square each score
b. add the scores
c. subtract 2 points from each score
d. add the X-2 values

A

b. add the scores

Psychology Statistical Methods (6 decks)

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