Chapter One

Question 1

Iroquois Confederacy

Answer 1

Group of 5 Indian nations from 1350-1600 in the upper part of modern day New York and southeastern Canada. They developed political and organizational skills.

Question 2

Columbus

Answer 2

Italian seafarer who was given a chance by the Spanish monarchs. He sailed in 1492 to North America. He was dubbed the first person to discover North America.

Question 3

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 3

Divided the New World land, people, and resources between Spain and Portugal in 1494. It settled conflicts over newly discovered land.

Question 4

Conquistadors

Answer 4

Spanish conquerors in the service of God and on the search for gold. Explored in the 16th century. they destroyed Native American societies they came across and set up a very different North America for years to come.

Question 5

Encomienda

Answer 5

Allowed the governor to give Indians to colonists in the promise that they would Christianize them. Legal slavery in the 16th-17th century in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines.

Question 6

Mestizos

Answer 6

A new culture that mixed Indian and European heritage during the Spanish colonial period (1565-1898). They were the first group to be designated a separate category from the Spanish.

Question 7

What was Pangea?

Answer 7

Supercontinent, all land in one collected piece

Question 8

What happened to Pangea?

Answer 8

Continents drifted apart forming 7 separate land masses.

Question 9

How was North America formed?

Answer 9

It was anchored in the northeastern corner by the Canadian shield (the first part of the land to emerge from the sea after the separation of Pangea).

Question 10

What was the Great Ice Age?

Answer 10

When 2 mile thick sheets of ice covered most of Canada and the U.S.

Question 11

What was the effect of the Great Ice Age?

Answer 11

When the glaciers melted, it depressed the level of the Canadian shield and formed the Great Lakes.

Question 12

How did people make it to North America?

Answer 12

When the Great Ice Age began, sea levels lowered, revealing a ‘land bridge’ between Eurasia and North America (present day Siberia to Alaska).

Question 13

Why did Asians immigrate to North America?

Answer 13

Nomadic Asian hunters followed migrating herds of game across the ‘land bridge’ into North America

Question 14

Why did immigration across the ‘land bridge’ stop?

Answer 14

Glaciers melted, causing the sea levels to rise, and the bridge to be covered by the sea again.

Question 15

Who were some notable tribes in early North America?

Answer 15

Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs.

Question 16

How did agriculture play a role in early North America?

Answer 16

Societies were formed around agriculture. The planting of corn spread across America, and nomadic hunting groups began to settle into agricultural villages.

Question 17

What were gender roles like in tribes?

Answer 17

Women would tend to the crops while the men would fish and hunt. Power and possessions would be passed down the female side of families (matrilineal culture).

Question 18

What were two types of indirect discoverers of the New World

Answer 18

Europeans and Christian Crusaders.

Question 19

What was the big breakthrough that aided the Europeans to enter Africa?

Answer 19

Sailors refused to go south along the west African coast because they knew they would not be able to make it back due to strong winds and currents. Eventually, they discovered they could sail northwest along the African coast, and ride with the wind and the currents instead of fighting them.

Question 20

What is a plantation?

Answer 20

Large scale agriculture system that heavily relies on slave labor.

Question 21

What was Columbus given by the Spanish Monarchs?

Answer 21

Three ships and a small crew.

Question 22

Where did Columbus land on October 12th, 1492?

Answer 22

The Bahamas.

Question 23

What did Europeans introduce to the New World?

Answer 23

Livestock, plants (the dirt on their boots carried the seeds), smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever.

Question 24

Who claimed most of the land because of Columbus?

Answer 24

Spain.

Question 25

Who got to keep their territories in Africa and Asia?

Answer 25

Portugal.

Question 26

Who was Hernan Cortes?

Answer 26

In 1519 he set sail from Cuba, bound for Mexico. He learned of the unrest within the Aztec empire and of the possibility of finding gold and other riches.

Question 27

What was it like for Cortes and his people when they first went into Tenochtitlan?

Answer 27

Cortes led people into the Valley of Mexico where they were met with hospitality at first.

Question 28

What happened on June 30th, 1520?

Answer 28

Noche triste (sad night). Aztecs attacked and drove the Spanish away from Tenochtitlan. Cortes then laid siege to the city and took over and the Aztec empire gave way to 3 centuries of Spanish rule.

Question 29

Three Sister Farming

Answer 29

Agricultural systemed bases on maize, beans, and squash.

Question 30

The Columbian Exchange

Answer 30

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world.

Question 31

What was the Pope’s Rebellion?

Answer 31

Indian revolt in 1680 in which the Pueblo Indians rebelled against Spanish Missionaries in an attempt to resist catholicism.

Question 32

Missionary Indians

Answer 32

Native who were brought into Spanish missionaries in an attempt to help them find God.

Question 33

Black Legend

Answer 33

False belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good for native culture.

Question 34

Who was Haiwatha?

Answer 34

Man who led the Iroquois Confederacy to military dominance in the U.S.

Question 35

Who was John Cabot?

Answer 35

English explorer who explored the area surrounding the Saint Lawrence River.

Question 36

What was Saint Augustine?

Answer 36

Oldest European community in the U.S., founded in 1565 by the Spanish.

Question 37

Who was Father Serra?

Answer 37

Spanish missionary who established 21 missions along the coast of California.

Question 38

What is mercantilism?

Answer 38

Economic policy which held that colonies exist purely for the benefit of enriching third respective mother country.