Chapter 9 EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION

Question 1

as the internal force that
drives a worker to action as well as the external factors that encourage that action
(Locke & Latham, 2002). Ability and skill determine whether a worker can do the
job, but motivation determines whether the worker will do it properl

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

The extent to
which a person views him or
herself as a valuable and worthy
individual

Answer 2

Self-esteem

Question 3

Korman’s theory that employees
will be motivated to perform at
levels consistent with their levels
of self-esteem

Answer 3

Consistency theory

Question 4

The
positive or negative way in
which a person views himself or
herself as a whole

Answer 4

Chronic self-esteem

Question 5

The positive or negative way in
which a person views him or
herself in a particular situation

Answer 5

Situational self-esteem

Question 6

The positive or negative way in which a person
views him or herself based on
the expectations of others

Answer 6

Socially influenced selfesteem

Question 7

which states that an individual will perform as well or
as poorly as he expects to perform. In other words, if an individual believes he is intelligent, he should do well on tests. If he thinks he is dumb, he should do poorly

Answer 7

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 8

When high
self-expectations result in higher
levels of performance

Answer 8

Galatea effect

Question 9

The idea
that if people believe that
something is true, they will act
in a manner consistent with that
belief

Answer 9

Pygmalion effect

Question 10

When negative
expectations of an individual
cause a decrease in that individual’s performance

Answer 10

Golem effect

Question 11

they will seek to perform well because they
either enjoy performing the actual tasks or enjoy the challenge of successfully completing the task

Answer 11

intrinsically motivated

Question 12

they may not necessarily
enjoy the tasks but are motivated to perform well to receive some type of reward or
to avoid negative consequences

Answer 12

Extrinsically motivated

Question 13

A measure
of an individual’s orientation
toward intrinsic versus extrinsic
motivation

Answer 13

Work Preference
Inventory (WPI)

Question 14

According to trait theory, the
extent to which a person desires
to be successful

Answer 14

Need for achievement

Question 15

The
extent to which a person desires
to be around other people

Answer 15

Need for affiliation

Question 16

According
to trait theory, the extent to
which a person desires to be in
control of other people

Answer 16

Need for power

Question 17

A theory
that employees can be motivated by monitoring their own
progress toward the goals they
set and adjusting their behavior
to reach those goals

Answer 17

Self- regulation

Question 18

A method of recruitment
in which job applicants are told
both the positive and the negative aspects of a job

Answer 18

Realistic job preview
(RJP)

Question 19

The theory proposed by
Hackman and Oldham that
suggests that certain characteristics of a job will make the
job more or less satisfying,
depending on the particular
needs of the worker

Answer 19

Job characteristics theory

Question 20

A system arranged
by rank

Answer 20

Hierarchy

Question 21

The
first step in Maslow’s needs
hierarchy, concerning survival
needs for food, air, water, and
the like

Answer 21

Basic biological needs

Question 22

The second
step in Maslow’s hierarchy,
concerning the need for security,
stability, and physical safety

Answer 22

Safety needs

Question 23

The third step in
Maslow’s hierarchy, concerning
the need to interact with
other people

Answer 23

Social needs

Question 24

The fourth step in
Maslow’s hierarchy, concerning
the individual’s need for recognition and success

Answer 24

Ego needs

Question 25

The fifth step in Maslow’s hierarchy, concerning the need to
realize one’s potential.

Answer 25

Self-actualization needs

Question 26

A theory based
on the idea that employees will
be satisfied with jobs that satisfy
their needs

Answer 26

Needs theory

Question 27

Aldefer’s needs
theory, which describes three
levels of satisfaction: existence,
relatedness, and growth

Answer 27

ERG theory

Question 28

Herzberg’s needs theory,
postulating that there are two
factors involved in job satisfaction: hygiene factors and
motivators

Answer 28

Two-factor theory

Question 29

a feature of a job that will make a worker unhappy if it is not provided, for example fair pay or comfortable working conditions

Answer 29

Hygiene factors

Question 30

According to Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, “motivators” are factors that lead to job satisfaction and motivate employees to perform better. These include meaningful work, recognition, responsibility, opportunities for growth, achievement, and advancement

Answer 30

Motivators

Question 31

A method of
increasing performance in which
employees are given specific
performance goals to aim for

Answer 31

Goal setting

Question 32

principles, which state that employees will engage in
behaviors for which they are rewarded and avoid behaviors for which they are punished. Thus, if employees are rewarded for not making errors, they are more likely to
produce high-quality work

Answer 32

Operant Conditioning

Question 33

individuals are more likely to engage in a less preferred behavior if it is followed by a more preferred behavior

Answer 33

Premack Principle

Question 34

a list of actions, rank-ordering the most desirable to least desirable consequences that may serve as a reinforcer

Answer 34

Reinforcement hierarchy

Question 35

A motivation technique using
such methods as personal
attention, signs of approval, and
expressions of appreciation

Answer 35

Social recognition

Question 36

A
system in which employees are
paid on the basis of how much
they individually produce

Answer 36

Pay for performance

Question 37

An incentive plan in
which employees receive pay
bonuses based on performance
appraisal scores

Answer 37

Merit pay

Question 38

A group
incentive system in which
employees are paid a bonus
based on improvements in
group productivity

Answer 38

Gainsharing

Question 39

The level of
productivity before the
implementation of a
gainsharing plan

Answer 39

Baseline

Question 40

A group
incentive method in which
employees are given the option
of buying stock in the future at
the price of the stock when the
options were granted

Answer 40

Stock options

Question 41

a person’s motivation is directly tied to an expected outcome as a result of their hard work and labor.

Answer 41

Expectancy theory

Question 42

The extent to which people
believe that they are responsible
for and in control of their success
or failure in life

Answer 42

Internal locus of control

Question 43

is based on the premise that our levels of motivation and job satisfaction are related to how fairly we believe we are treated in comparison with others. If we believe we are treated unfairly, we attempt to change our beliefs
or behaviors until the situation appears to be fair

Answer 43

Equity theory

Question 44

are those personal elements that we put into our jobs. Obvious elements
are time, effort, education, and experience. Less obvious elements include money
spent on child care and distance driven to work

Answer 44

Inputs

Question 45

are those elements that we receive from our jobs. A list of obvious outputs includes pay, benefits, challenge, and responsibility. Less obvious outputs are
benefits such as friends and office furnishings

Answer 45

Outputs

Question 46

The
ratio of how much employees
believe they put into their jobs
to how much they believe they
get from their jobs

Answer 46

Input/output ratio

Question 47

A theory that postulates that if
employees perceive they are
being treated fairly, they will be
more likely to be satisfied with
their jobs and motivated to
do well

Answer 47

Organizational justice