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Med Term > Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, And Immune Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic, And Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an antibody?

A

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen

Antibodies combine with antigens to destroy or neutralize them.

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

Antigens are critical for initiating immune responses.

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3
Q

What is bile pigment?

A

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

Interference with the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice.

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4
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

Cytokines are important chemical communicators in the immune response, regulating many activities associated with immunity and inflammation.

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5
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system

Dendritic cells are crucial for antigen presentation and activating T-cells.

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6
Q

Define immunocompetent.

A

Possessing the ability to develop an immune response

Immunocompetence is essential for an effective immune response.

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7
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes

NK cells are components of the innate immune system and do not require prior sensitization to engage in cell destruction.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Interference with the excretion of bile may lead to _______.

A

jaundice

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9
Q

True or False: Antibodies are produced by T lymphocytes.

A

False

Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Cytokines are important chemical _______ in the immune response.

A

communicators

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11
Q

What does the combining form ‘aden/o’ refer to?

A

gland

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12
Q

What does ‘agglutin/o’ signify?

A

clumping, gluing

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13
Q

What is the meaning of ‘blast/o’?

A

embryonic cell

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14
Q

What does ‘chrom/o’ refer to?

A

color

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15
Q

What does ‘erythr/o’ mean?

A

red

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16
Q

What does ‘granul/o’ signify?

A

granule

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17
Q

What does ‘hem/o’ refer to?

A

blood

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18
Q

What does ‘hemat/o’ mean?

A

blood

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19
Q

What is the meaning of ‘immun/o’?

A

immune, immunity, safe

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20
Q

What does ‘leuk/o’ signify?

A

white

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21
Q

What is the definition of ‘aden/o/pathy’?

A

disease of a gland

‘Pathy’ refers to disease.

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22
Q

Define ‘agglutin/ation’.

A

process (of clumping)

‘Ation’ indicates a process.

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23
Q

What does ‘erythr/o/blast/osis’ refer to?

A

abnormal condition; increase of red embryonic cells

‘Osis’ is primarily used with blood cells.

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24
Q

What does ‘hypo/chrom/ic’ indicate?

A

pertaining to under, below, deficient color

Hypochromic cells are erythrocytes lighter in color due to hemoglobin deficiency.

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25
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

RBC (red blood cell)

‘Cyte’ denotes a cell.

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26
Q

What does ‘granul/o/cyte’ mean?

A

granule cell

‘Cyte’ means cell.

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27
Q

What is the meaning of ‘hem/o/phobia’?

A

fear of blood

People with hemophobia may faint at the sight of blood.

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28
Q

Define ‘hemat/oma’.

A

mass of clotted blood caused by a break in a blood vessel

It can occur in any organ, tissue, or space within the body.

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29
Q

What does ‘immun/o/logy’ refer to?

A

study of the immune system

Includes autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, and immune deficiencies.

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30
Q

What is ‘leuk/emia’?

A

blood condition characterized by elevated white blood cell count

It results in a very low red blood cell count.

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31
Q

What does the element ‘lymph/o’ refer to?

A

lymph

Lymph is a clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system.

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32
Q

What does ‘lymphaden/o’ mean?

A

lymph gland (node)

Lymph nodes are small structures that filter lymph and store white blood cells.

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33
Q

Define ‘lymphadenopathy’.

A

Disease characterized by changes in the size, consistency, or number of lymph nodes

It can indicate various medical conditions, including infections or malignancies.

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34
Q

What does ‘lymphangi/o’ refer to?

A

lymph vessel

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35
Q

What does the suffix ‘-oma’ indicate?

A

tumor

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36
Q

What is ‘morph/o’ related to?

A

form, shape, structure

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37
Q

What does ‘myel/o’ mean?

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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38
Q

What does ‘myelogenic’ refer to?

A

forming, producing, origin related to bone marrow

Acute myelogenic leukemia is the most common form of leukemia.

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39
Q

What is a ‘mono/nucle/ar’ cell?

A

Cell with one nucleus

Mononuclear WBCs include monocytes and lymphocytes.

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40
Q

Define ‘phag/o’.

A

swallowing, eating

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41
Q

What is a ‘phagocyte’?

A

Cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles

Neutrophils are a type of phagocytic leukocyte.

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42
Q

What does ‘poikil/o’ mean?

A

varied, irregular

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43
Q

What is a ‘poikilocyte’?

A

Irregularly shaped red blood cell

An example is a sickle cell.

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44
Q

What does ‘ser/o’ refer to?

A

serum

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45
Q

Define ‘serology’.

A

Study of antigens and antibodies in serum and other sources

This includes plasma, saliva, and urine.

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46
Q

What does ‘sider/o’ mean?

A

iron

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47
Q

What is ‘sideropenia’?

A

Decrease or deficiency of iron

Common causes include inadequate iron uptake and hemorrhage.

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48
Q

What does ‘splen/o’ refer to?

A

spleen

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49
Q

What is ‘splenomegaly’?

A

Enlargement of the spleen

This can occur in serious forms of infectious mononucleosis.

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50
Q

What does ‘thromb/o’ signify?

A

blood clot

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51
Q

What does ‘thym/o’ refer to?

A

thymus gland

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52
Q

What does the suffix ‘-blast’ indicate?

A

embryonic cell

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53
Q

What is ‘hemoglobin’?

A

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells

It transports oxygen and gives blood its red color.

54
Q

What does the term ‘monocytopenia’ mean?

A

Decrease in monocytes

Causes include acute infections, leukemia, and reactions to certain drugs.

55
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Most numerous type of leukocyte providing phagocytic protection

They are essential for innate immune response.

56
Q

Define ‘anaphylaxis’.

A

Exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction

It occurs in response to a previously encountered antigen and is treated as a medical emergency.

57
Q

What does ‘hemopoiesis’ mean?

A

Formation or production of blood cells

58
Q

What is ‘hemostasis’?

A

Control or arrest of bleeding

This is commonly achieved using chemical agents.

59
Q

Define ‘anisocytosis’.

A

Abnormal variation in red blood cell size

It includes the presence of macrocytes (large) or microcytes (small).

60
Q

What is aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia?

A

A serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

61
Q

What causes folic-acid deficiency anemia?

A

Insufficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth).

62
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice.

63
Q

What is iron-deficiency anemia?

A

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs.

64
Q

What is pernicious anemia (PA)?

A

Commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12.

65
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low.

66
Q

What are common causes of aplastic anemia?

A
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Exposure to certain cytotoxic agents
67
Q

What causes hemolytic anemia?

A

Associated with some inherited immune and blood disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions.

68
Q

What causes iron-deficiency anemia?

A

Greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron.

69
Q

What is the age group most affected by sickle cell anemia?

A

Mostly found in people older than age 50.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: Folic acid is a _______ essential for erythropoiesis.

A

B vitamin

71
Q

True or False: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis.

A

True

72
Q

What is the result of the lack of sufficient vitamin B12 in the body?

A

Chronic, progressive anemia.

73
Q

What is the full term for AIDS?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and leads to severe immune system damage.

74
Q

How is ‘coagulation disorders’ pronounced?

A

kô-ăg-ũ- LA-shun

Coagulation disorders involve issues with blood clot formation.

75
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A

Abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body

DIC leads to oxygen deprivation in tissues and can result in organ damage.

76
Q

What are the consequences of increased clotting in DIC?

A

Uses up platelets and proteins, leading to profuse bleeding

Even minor trauma can cause excessive bleeding due to depleted clotting factors.

77
Q

What does the prefix ‘intra-‘ mean?

A

in, within

This prefix is used in medical terminology to denote something inside or within.

78
Q

What does the term ‘vascul’ refer to?

A

vessel, (usually blood or lymph)

This term is commonly found in the context of vascular health.

79
Q

What is the role of CD4 (helper T) cells in the immune system?

A

They are crucial for immune response regulation

HIV targets and destroys these cells, leading to weakened immunity.

80
Q

True or False: Early stages of HIV infection may remain asymptomatic.

A

True

Many individuals do not show symptoms for years if they receive medical care.

81
Q

What can cause coagulation disorders?

A

Deficiency in coagulating factors, certain plasma proteins, or platelet production

These deficiencies can lead to impaired blood clotting.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: DIC results in the _______ of oxygen to distal tissues.

A

cutoff

This lack of oxygen can lead to significant organ damage.

83
Q

What is the potential outcome of untreated HIV disease?

A

It ultimately develops into full-blown AIDS

AIDS is a potentially fatal disease characterized by severe immune deficiency.

84
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding

Also called bleeder’s disease. Mild symptoms include nosebleed and hematomas, while severe symptoms include bleeding into the joints and sudden shock.

85
Q

What are the symptoms of mild hemophilia?

A

Nosebleed and hematomas

86
Q

What are the severe symptoms of hemophilia?

A

Bleeding into the joints (hemarthrosis) and sudden shock

87
Q

How is hemophilia treated?

A

Intravenous administration of the lacking blood factor

88
Q

Define thrombocytopenia.

A

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver

A common sign is the development of pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae), primarily on the lower leg.

89
Q

What is graft rejection?

A

Process in which a recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted graft as ‘foreign’ and attacks or destroys it

90
Q

What can lessen graft rejection?

A

A close tissue match between donor and recipient or administration of medications that depress the immune system

91
Q

What is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?

A

Complication following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant where the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient’s organs, potentially causing death

92
Q

What is a hemoglobinopathy?

A

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

One of the most common hemoglobinopathies is sickle cell anemia.

93
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis commonly caused by?

A

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

94
Q

What are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?

A

Fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits

95
Q

What is Kaposi sarcoma (KS)?

A

Cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement

96
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

97
Q

What are the common causes of lymphedema?

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Infection of the lymph vessels
98
Q

Define lymphoma.

A

Any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue

99
Q

What characterizes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)?

A

Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

100
Q

What are the symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma?

A
  • Painless swelling of cervical nodes
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Itchy skin
101
Q

How is Hodgkin lymphoma treated?

A
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Bone marrow transplant
102
Q

What is non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)?

A

Any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells

103
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies and destruction of healthy bone marrow cells

104
Q

What are serious consequences of multiple myeloma?

A
  • Low blood counts
  • Bone disorders
  • Kidney disorders
  • Infections
105
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

106
Q

What are usual causes of sepsis?

A
  • Peritonitis
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Meningitis
  • Cellulitis
  • Bacterial pneumonias
107
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Widespread autoimmune disease affecting the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints, causing chronic inflammation.

Also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin.

108
Q

What characteristic rash is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

A typical ‘butterfly rash’ appears over the nose and cheeks in about 50% of people afflicted.

Tends to worsen in direct sunlight.

109
Q

What does the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test identify?

A

Identifies antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies).

Presence of ANAs indicates potential for autoimmunity.

110
Q

What is a blood culture used for?

A

To determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream.

111
Q

What does a complete blood count (CBC) test measure?

A

Includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential count.

Also called hemogram; broad screening test for anemias, coagulation disorders, and infections.

112
Q

What is the monospot test used for?

A

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops after Epstein-Barr virus infection.

113
Q

What is the purpose of the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test?

A

To screen for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot.

Also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); valuable in preoperative screening for bleeding tendencies.

114
Q

What does prothrombin time (PT) test for?

A

Detects and diagnoses bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders.

Commonly used to monitor blood thinning medications and assess blood’s ability to clot before surgery.

115
Q

What is bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for?

A

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow.

116
Q

What does lymphangiography visualize?

A

Lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system.

117
Q

True or False: Lymph nodes filter and trap cancer cells.

A

True

118
Q

What condition is indicated by thrombocythemia?

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations.

119
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Widespread autoimmune disease affecting the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints, causing chronic inflammation.

Also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin.

120
Q

What characteristic rash is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

A typical ‘butterfly rash’ appears over the nose and cheeks in about 50% of people afflicted.

Tends to worsen in direct sunlight.

121
Q

What does the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test identify?

A

Identifies antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (autoantibodies).

Presence of ANAs indicates potential for autoimmunity.

122
Q

What is a blood culture used for?

A

To determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream.

123
Q

What does a complete blood count (CBC) test measure?

A

Includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential count.

Also called hemogram; broad screening test for anemias, coagulation disorders, and infections.

124
Q

What is the monospot test used for?

A

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops after Epstein-Barr virus infection.

125
Q

What is the purpose of the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test?

A

To screen for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot.

Also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); valuable in preoperative screening for bleeding tendencies.

126
Q

What does prothrombin time (PT) test for?

A

Detects and diagnoses bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders.

Commonly used to monitor blood thinning medications and assess blood’s ability to clot before surgery.

127
Q

What is bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for?

A

Highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow.

128
Q

What does lymphangiography visualize?

A

Lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system.

129
Q

True or False: Lymph nodes filter and trap cancer cells.

A

True

130
Q

What condition is indicated by thrombocythemia?

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations.

Med Term (9 decks)

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