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Micro exam 1 > chapter 9/10 > Flashcards

chapter 9/10 Flashcards

1
Q

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is ______.

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is ______.

A

Antisepsis

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3
Q

The method of removing vegetative life forms from living surfaces is termed _______.

A

Antisepsis

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4
Q

The betadine swab before blood donation is an example of _______.

A

Antisepsis

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5
Q

The alcohol wipe before an injection is an example of _______.

A

Antisepsis

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6
Q

Microbial death occurs when there is ________.

A

permanent loss of reproduction

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6
Q

Surfactants work by ________.

A

disrupting membrane integrity

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7
Q

Agents that can denature microbial proteins include all of the following except _______.

A

X rays

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8
Q

Sterilization is achieved by ________

A

steam autoclave

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9
Q

The most efficient sterilizing conditions in a steam autoclave are ________.

A

121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes

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10
Q

______ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _______ heat.

A

Moist; dry

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11
Q

Placing organisms at 4oC is _______.

A

bacteriostatic

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12
Q

What instrument is most effective for pressure-temperature sterilization?

A

Autoclave

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13
Q

_______ is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large-scale disinfection of drinking water and sewage.

A

Chlorine

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14
Q

Alcohols ________.

A

All of the choices are correct

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15
Q

Hydrogen peroxide can be ________.

A

All of the choices are correct

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16
Q

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

A

Glutaraldehyde

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17
Q

Which of the following statements is true when comparing moist heat methods of microbial control to dry heat control?

A

Both moist heat and dry heat methods can achieve complete sterilization.

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17
Q

Which pair of physical control methods will achieve complete sterilization?

A

Autoclaving and ionizing radiation

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17
Q

An RN in a long-term care facility oversees the care of 15 patients. He

(NCLEX) The RN practices proper handwashing technique when his hands are visibly dirty. Which of the following terms most appropriately describes the type of antimicrobial control provided by handwashing with germicidal soap and water?

A

Antisepsis

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18
Q

The use of aldehydes as antimicrobial agents is limited due to ________.

A

their instability when pH or temperature is increased

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19
Q

An RN in a long-term care facility oversees the care of 15 patients. He

(NCLEX) The RN utilizes an alcohol-based hand cleanser with friction rub when his hands are not visibly dirty. Which of the following terms appropriately describes the type of antimicrobial control provided by alcohol-based hand cleansers?

A

Antisepsis

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20
Q

An RN in a long-term care facility oversees the care of 15 patients. He

(NCLEX) Which of the following scenarios are most appropriate for handwashing with an alcohol-based hand cleanser instead of soap and water?

A

Prior to applying gloves

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21
Q

An RN in a long-term care facility oversees the care of 15 patients. He

(NCLEX) Which of the following microbes are targeted by alcohol-based hand cleaners?

A

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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22
Q

A 13-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The

(NCLEX) To reduce the patient’s risk of infection, the RN assists the physician with applying all of the following prior to the procedure except ______.

A

clean gown

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23
Q

A 13-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The

.(NCLEX) Prior to placement of the central venous line, the patient’s skin is scrubbed with chlorhexidine. Which of the following microorganisms are targeted by this chemical agent?

A

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi

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24
Q

A 13-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The

(NCLEX) If chlorhexidine is unavailable for the procedure, which of the following chemical agents would also be appropriate as a topical antiseptic?

A

2% iodine

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25
Q

A 13-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The

(NCLEX) Following successful placement of the central venous line, the RN is diligent to prevent infection when accessing the catheter and administering medications. Which of the following actions should be completed prior to use of the line?

A

Hand washing, application of gloves, and disinfection of the access port with alcohol should all be completed prior to use of the line.

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26
Q

A woman who is 38 weeks pregnant is admitted for a scheduled cesarean se

(NCLEX) The RN prepares the patient for the sterile procedure. Which of the following statements made by the patient, best demonstrates understanding of the need for sterile equipment and aseptic procedures?

A

Sterile equipment and aseptic procedures are utilized so there are no microorganisms introduced that could cause infection.

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27
Q

A woman who is 38 weeks pregnant is admitted for a scheduled cesarean se

(NCLEX) After preparing the patient’s skin, the RN brushes against the sterile field with her arm. What is the most appropriate action by the RN?

A

Discard the sterile field and obtain new supplies.

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28
Q

A woman who is 38 weeks pregnant is admitted for a scheduled cesarean se

(NCLEX) The RN cleanses the urethral opening with an iodine swab. Which of the following terms most appropriately describes this method of microbial control?

A

Antisepsis

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29
Q

The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called _______.

A

Prophylaxis

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29
Q

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______.

A

All of the choices are correct.

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30
Q

Penicillins and cephalosporins ________.

A

block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

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31
Q

Sulfonamides _______.

A

block folic acid synthesis

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32
Q

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

A

Penicillinase

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33
Q

The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is ________.

A

amphotericin B

34
Q

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?

A

Isoniazid

35
Q

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?

A

Isoniazid

35
Q

Gram-negative rods are often treated with _________.

A

Aminoglycosides

36
Q

Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors?

A

Fuzeon

36
Q

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs?

A

Bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

37
Q

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore healthy vaginal biota is an example of ________.

A

Probiotics

38
Q

A superinfection results from _______.

A

decrease in the microbiota with overgrowth of an unaffected species

39
Q

An example of an antibacterial drug with high selective toxicity would be one that _______.

A

targets the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

40
Q

Micafungin and caspofungin are antifungal drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis. They belong to the group of drugs known as _______.

A

Echinocandins

41
Q

A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of

(NCLEX) In the lab, the urine specimen is spread on an agar plate with antibiotic discs placed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Following incubation, the clear area around each disc is measured. What term describes the observed area of antimicrobial action around each disc?

A

Zone of inhibition

42
Q

A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of

(NCLEX) You provide education to the patient regarding sulfasoxazole, a sulfonamide that targets folic acid synthesis. The synthesis of which of the following products is affected by inhibition of folate metabolism?

A

DNA, RNA, and amino acids

43
Q

A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of

(NCLEX) Which of the following reactions by the patient could demonstrate an allergic response to the drug?

A

Anaphylaxis, rash development, and difficulty breathing could all indicate an allergic response.

44
Q

A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of

(NCLEX) The in vitro susceptibility of the pathogen is established and the patient is maintained on sulfasoxazole. If no in vivo effect of the drug is observed by the patient following the first 7 days of antibiotics, what is the most appropriate action by the medical team?

A

Discontinue sulfasoxazole and initiate a new antibiotic

45
Q

A 12-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric unit due to persistent u

(NCLEX) The RN provides education to the patient and his mother regarding the diagnosis. Which of the following statements by the mother demonstrates a proper understanding of the teaching?

A

My son developed a MRSA superinfection following suppression of normal resident species in his lungs by the antibiotics he was taking to treat his initial infection.

46
Q

A 12-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric unit due to persistent u

(NCLEX) Treatment of a urinary tract infection with antimicrobials is most likely to lead to a superinfection caused by which microbe?

A

Candida albicans

46
Q

A 12-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric unit due to persistent u

(NCLEX) Based upon the patient’s history, what is the most likely cause of the superinfection?

A

Long-term antibiotic therapy

47
Q

A 12-year-old male is admitted to the pediatric unit due to persistent u

(NCLEX) The use of which of the following drugs results in the highest risk of superinfection in a patient receiving antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

48
Q

An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regar

(NCLEX) Following the teaching to patients and families, the RN assesses understanding prior to obtaining consent. Which of the following demonstrates a lack of understanding by the patient?

A

Probiotics are nutrients to encourage microbe growth.

49
Q

An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regar

Which of the following is an example of a probiotic?

A

Yogurt

50
Q

An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regar

(NCLEX) The RN conducting the research study most appropriately hypothesizes that probiotics may alleviate which of the following side effects of antimicrobial therapy?

A

Diarrhea

51
Q

What chemical agents would be ineffective against this organism?

A

Phenolic compound
Alcohols

51
Q

Evaluate the following statements, and select those that apply to SARS-CoV-2, the enveloped virus responsible for COVID-19.

A

SARS-Cov-2 represents one of the least resistant microbial forms
It is easier to control SARS-Cov-2 than rotavirus, a naked virus
Detergents and alcohols can be effectively used against this virus

51
Q

goodluck

A
51
Q

goodluck

A
52
Q

goodluck

A
53
Q
A

Mice that were given any of the tested antibiotics had higher body fat percentages than those mice receiving no antibiotics.
Animals receiving penicillin had the highest body fat percentages.

54
Q

goodluck

A
55
Q

goodluck

A
56
Q

A drug destroys the peptidoglycan molecules of a bacterial cell. Which of the four main targets is affected in this scenario?

A

Cell wall

57
Q

The cell can no longer regulate the passage of materials in and out of the cell. Which of the four main targets is affected in this scenario?

A

Cell membrane

57
Q

Thymine dimers are formed in DNA, preventing replication. Which of the four main targets is affected in this scenario?

A

Cellular synthesis

58
Q

The native state of certain enzymes are destroyed by heat, and the active sites are no longer able to bind with substrate. Which of the four main targets is affected in this scenario?

A

Proteins

59
Q

Antifungal Drugs (3 things)

A

Amphotericin B
Miconazole
Micafungin

60
Q

Antiprotozoal Drugs ( 3 things)

A

Primaquine
Chloroquine
Metronidazole (flagyl)

61
Q

Antihelminthic Drugs ( 2 things)

A

Praziquantel
Ivermectin

62
Q

Antiviral Drugs(6 things)

A

Tamiflu
Fuzeon
Amantadine
Acyclovir
Ribavirin
Zidovudine (AZT)

63
Q

Viruses are able to multiply inside a nonliving cell.

A

False

64
Q

Individual viral particles have only one type of nucleic acid.

A

true

65
Q

Place the following steps of viral replication in their correct order:
1. release 2. adsorption 3. assembly 4. uncoating 5. Synthesis

A

2, 4, 5, 3, 1

65
Q

Cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to infection by that virus.

A

True

66
Q

What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme?

A

Synthesizes DNA from RNA

67
Q

When AZT is present, which enzyme is inhibited?

A

Viral reverse transcriptase

68
Q

During which stage of viral replication does amantadine exert its inhibitory effect?

A

Penetration and uncoating

69
Q

Protease inhibitors ________.

A

inhibit processing of long polypeptide chains

70
Q

Of all the antiviral drugs mentioned, which is actually produced by the host?

A

Interferon

71
Q

Which of the drugs mentioned inhibits DNA polymerase?

A

Foscarnet

72
Q

Which of the drugs mentioned is used to treat patients with HIV?

A

AZT

73
Q

Which step in the viral replication cycle would probably be the most efficient way to prevent viral infections?

A

Adsorption

74
Q

Reduction of most microbial life on living tissue

A

Antisepsis

74
Q

What other way do we have to fight viral diseases?

A

Vaccines

75
Q

Destruction of all microbial life including bacterial endospores

A

Sterilization

76
Q

Reduction of most microbial life on inanimate surfaces

A

Disinfection

77
Q

Mechanical removal of most microbes from living or inanimate surface

A

Decontamination

78
Q

Requires use of an autoclave. To sterilize, temperature must reach 121°C for a minimum of 15 minutes.

A

Steam under pressure

79
Q

100°C, 30 minutes will disinfect but will not sterilize.

A

Boiling water

Micro exam 1 (6 decks)

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