CHAPTER 8: Group Processes Flashcards
explain the cognitive effort model
athe cognitive effort model is the theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value
what is distraction conflict theory?
a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict
what is social facilitation?
social facilitation is a process where by the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
explain social loafing and ways to prevent it. When is it less likely to occur in a group?
social loafing is a group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled. It occurs on sports teams, work groups, and groups projects. The best way to get rid of social loafing is by making everyone in the group accountable. Social loafing is less likely to occur when the people in the group are friends, there is big effort for big reward, and the task is challenging, appealing and involving
explain process loss and gain
process loss is the reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as issues with coordination and motivation.
process gain is the increase in group performance so that the group out performs the individuals that make up the group
what is prisoner’s dilemma?
prisoner’s dilemma occurs when one party must make either cooperative or comptitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is usually designed so that the competitive move appears to be one’s self-interest, but if both sides make this move, both suffer more than if they had both cooperated.
resource dilemma
social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource
what is deindividuation and the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) ?
deindividuation is the loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
SIDE is a model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as a result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.
what is group cohesiveness?
group cohesiveness is the extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals
what are the three main feature of groups?
cohesiveness, roles, and norms
