CHAPTER 8 ALTRUISM: HELPING OTHERS

Question 1

altruism

Answer 1

A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s own self-interests.

Question 2

social-exchange theory

Answer 2

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs.

Question 3

egoism

Answer 3

A motive (supposedly underlying all behaviour) to increase your own welfare; the opposite of altruism, which aims to increase someone else’s welfare.

Question 4

reciprocity norm

Answer 4

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Question 5

social responsibility norm

Answer 5

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Question 6

kin selection

Answer 6

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one’s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.

Question 7

empathy

Answer 7

The vicarious experience of someone else’s feeling; putting yourself in someone else’s shoes.

Question 8

bystander effect

Answer 8

The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.

Question 9

moral inclusion

Answer 9

Regarding others as within your circle of moral concern.

Question 10

moral exclusion

Answer 10

The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which you apply moral values and rules of fairness.