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Microbiology Unit 2 > Chapter 8-9 ( Unit 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 ( Unit 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anabolism

A

Any process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules and often releases energy

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

Change, pertains to all chemical reactions and physicals working of the cells

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4
Q

extremozymes

A

enzyme, often created by extremophiles, that can function under extreme environmental conditions

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5
Q

constitutive enzymes

A

always present and in relatively constant amounts

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6
Q

induced enzyme

A

process in a molecule that induces the expression of an enzyme

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7
Q

endoenzymes

A

retained intracellularly and function there

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8
Q

exoenzymes

A

an extracellular enzyme chiefly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules

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9
Q

examples of exoenzymes

A

cellulase
amylase
penicillinase

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10
Q

oxxidereductases

A

transfer electrons from one substrate to another

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11
Q

Transferases

A

transfers functional groups from one substrate to another

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12
Q

competitive inhibition

A

mimic is competing with the substrate for the binding site

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13
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

regulator molecule does not bind in the same site as the substrate

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14
Q

Glycolysis produces

A

pyruvate

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15
Q

ATP’s produced in fermentation (Glycolysis)

A

2

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16
Q

hydrolysis

A

water molecule is required for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules

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17
Q

condensation

A

two molecules are condensed into one larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule

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18
Q

amphibolism

A

integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

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19
Q

genome

A

sum total of genetic material of an organism

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20
Q

genotype

A

sum of all of these types of genes constitutes an organisms distinctive genetic makeup

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21
Q

phenotype

A

creates traits

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22
Q

DNA polymerase I:

DNA polymerase II:

A

Removing primer, closing gaps, repairing

Adding bases, and proofreading

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23
Q

DNA ligase

A

Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

24
Q

DNA helicase

A

unzipping the DNA helix

25
Q

DNA gyrase

A

making double-stranded DNA breaks to remove supercoiling ahead of origin and separate replicated daughter DNA molecules

26
Q

RNA polymerase

A

produces primary transcript RNA

27
Q

Ames test

A

animal testing that has been a standard method of detecting chemicals with carcinogenic potential, a more rapid screening system

28
Q

mutation

A

any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome

29
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur randomly.

30
Q

point mutations

A

addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases

31
Q

lethal mutation

A

harmful effect on cell

causes cell death

32
Q

missense mutation

A

any change that leads to placement of a different amino acid

33
Q

nonsense mutation

A

changes a normal codon into a stop codon that does not code for an amino acid and stops production

34
Q

silent mutation

A

alters a base but does not change the amino acid and has no effect

35
Q

back-mutation

A

gene that has undergone mutation reverses to its original base composition

36
Q

conjugation in bacteria

A

process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.

37
Q

structural genes

A

a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor

38
Q

characteristics of enzymes

A

composed of protein
acts as organic catalysts
unique shape, size, function
proceed at a speed compatible with life
have active site called substrate
much larger than substrates
do not become integrated into the reaction products
are not used up or changed permanently changed by reaction
can be recycled
greatly affected by temp and pH
can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms

39
Q

excision repair

A

a cellular mechanism that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle

40
Q

specialized transduction

A

process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium

41
Q

generalized transduction

A

the process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage, and typically carries only bacterial DNA and no viral DNA.

42
Q

what is produced in the transition reaction

A

Acety-Co A

43
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

generation of ATP through a transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylates compound directly to ADP

44
Q

substrate level phosphorylation occur

A

can take place in the cytoplasm during glycolysis or inside the mitochondrial matrix during the Krebs Cycle.

45
Q

prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes differ by

A

A prokaryotic chromosome is circular and resides in a cell region
eukaryotic chromosome is linear

46
Q

first line immune defense

A

physical barriers that protect against damage and infection from the outside world

47
Q

precursor cell type for platelets

A

Megakaryocyte

48
Q

Electron transport system

A

received electrons from NADH and FADH2
Electrons passed sequentially from one redox molecule to the next
Flow of electrons allows the active transport of hydrogen outside the cell membrane
Oxygen receives hydrogens and electrons and produces water

49
Q

Oxidation

A

losing

50
Q

Reduction

A

gaining

51
Q

NADH gives rise to how many ATP molecules

A

3

52
Q

FADH2 gives rise to how many ATP molecule

A

2

53
Q

Krebs cycle yields how many ATP

A

2

54
Q

Electron Transport System how many ATP

A

34

55
Q

Maximum net yield ATP’s

A

36-38 ATP’s

56
Q

Krebs cycle produces

A

6 CO2 molecules generated

57
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or an RNA

Microbiology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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