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Med Terms > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

esophagus

A

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

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2
Q

duodenum

A

first portion of the small intestine; extends from the pylorus to the jejunum

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3
Q

jejunum

A

middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum

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4
Q

ileum

A

last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

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5
Q

glycogen

A

form of glucose stored in the liver and muscles

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

a pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile, giving it a yellow to green color; excessive amounts can lead to jaundice

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8
Q

digestion

A

process where complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

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9
Q

metabolism

A

all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

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10
Q

anabolism

A

building up of body cells or substances from nutrients

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11
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

absorption

A

process where completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

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13
Q

villi

A

finger-like projections that cover the mucosa that lines the small intestine; each contains blood vessels and lacteals

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14
Q

mastication

A

aka chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

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15
Q

bolus

A

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

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16
Q

chyme (KYM)

A

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

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17
Q

feces

A

aka solid body waste or stool; expelled through rectum and anus

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18
Q

defecation

A

aka bowel movement; evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

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19
Q

gut microflora/microbiota

A

the billions of bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system

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20
Q

flatulence

A

the passage of gas (flatus) out of the body through the rectum

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21
Q

bariatrics

A

the branch of medicine for the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases.

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22
Q

gastroenterologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

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23
Q

orthodontist

A

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

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24
Q

periodontist

A

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

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25
Q

proctologist

A

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

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26
Q

registered dietitian (RD)

A

a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

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27
Q

canker sores

A

aka aphthous ulcers; gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth

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28
Q

ulcer

A

an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

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29
Q

cold sores

A

aka herpes labialis or fever blisters; blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

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30
Q

leukoplakia

A

an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek, develop in response to chronic irritation in the mouth such as smoking, chewing tobacco, or constant rubbing against a broken tooth

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31
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

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32
Q

oral thrush

A

fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida albicans

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33
Q

xerostomia

A

aka dry mouth; the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands

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34
Q

halitosis

A

aka bad breath; an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

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35
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

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36
Q

gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD)

A

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

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37
Q

gastroenteritis

A

an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestines

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38
Q

anorexia

A

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

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39
Q

cachexia

A

physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer and AIDS

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40
Q

dehydration

A

condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance

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41
Q

malnutrition

A

lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

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42
Q

malabsorption

A

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

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43
Q

obesity

A

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

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44
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

a ratio of weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared

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45
Q

severe obesity

A

the condition of having a body mass index value greater than 40

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46
Q

aerophagia

A

excessive swallowing of air while eating/drinking
common cause of gas in the stomach

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47
Q

dyspepsia

A

pain or discomfort in digestion

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48
Q

emesis

A

vomiting

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49
Q

eructation

A

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

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50
Q

hematemesis

A

the vomiting of coagulated blood

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51
Q

hyperemesis

A

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

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52
Q

nausea

A

the urge to vomit

53
Q

regurgitation

A

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

54
Q

celiac disease

A

an autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to ingesting gluten

55
Q

gluten intolerance

A

aka non-celiac gluten sensitivity; a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease

56
Q

food allergy

A

an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food

57
Q

lactose intolerance

A

inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar (lactose) found in milk and some other dairy products

58
Q

polyp

A

a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

59
Q

diverticulosis

A

the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula, or sacs, formed in weak spots of the colon wall

60
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the wall of the colon

61
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea

62
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines

63
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation of the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

64
Q

clostridium difficile

A

aka C. diff; a common bacterial infection, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. This disease causes diarrhea and can lead to inflammation of the colon

65
Q

constipation

A

having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week

66
Q

diarrhea

A

an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration

67
Q

hemorrhoids

A

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

68
Q

melena

A

the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools

69
Q

ascites

A

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

70
Q

hepatomegaly

A

the abnormal enlargement of the liver

71
Q

jaundice

A

yellow discolouration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes

72
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

73
Q

cirrhosis

A

a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

74
Q

enema

A

placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

75
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

76
Q

antioxidants

A

chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals

77
Q

probiotics

A

living microorganisms sometimes described as “good” bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria

78
Q

prebiotics

A

the nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on and are found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

79
Q

antacids

A

neutralize the acids in the stomach, are taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal

80
Q

proton pump inhibitors (PPI)

A

block the action of the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. These medications are used to treat the symptoms of GERD

81
Q

oral rehydration therapy

A

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children

82
Q

enteral nutrition (EN)

A

feeding using the digestive system either through eating and drinking by mouth or via tube feeding

83
Q

parenteral nutrition

A

aka total parenteral nutrition (TPN); administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through the digestive system

84
Q

ostomy

A

surgically creating an opening

85
Q

an/o

A

anus, ring

86
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

87
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

88
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

colon, large intestine

89
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

90
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

91
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach, belly

92
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

93
Q

-lithiasis

A

presence of stones

94
Q

-pepsia

A

digest

95
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

96
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

97
Q

rect/o

A

rectum, straight

98
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

99
Q

anastomosis

A

a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

100
Q

antiemetic

A

medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

101
Q

borborygmus

A

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

102
Q

cheilitis

A

inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

103
Q

cholangiography

A

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

104
Q

cholangitis

A

acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice

105
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

106
Q

cholelithiasis

A

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

107
Q

colonoscopy

A

direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope

108
Q

colostomy

A

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

109
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

110
Q

dental prophylaxis

A

professional examining, cleaning, and polishing of the gums and teeth to remove plaque and tartar

111
Q

endoscopy

A

visual examination of internal structures

112
Q

enteritis

A

an inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens which causes diarrhea

113
Q

esophageal varices

A

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

114
Q

gastroduodenostomy

A

the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

115
Q

gastroparesis

A

a condition in which gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying

116
Q

gastrostomy tube

A

a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly on the abdomen, directly into the stomach

117
Q

Hemoccult test

A

a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool

118
Q

hiatal hernia

A

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

119
Q

ileus

A

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine

120
Q

inguinal hernia

A

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

121
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

the placement of a nasogastric feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

122
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip

123
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

a disease characterized by sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

124
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

125
Q

salmonellosis

A

an infectious disease transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs or unpasteurized milk products

126
Q

trismus

A

any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

127
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction

128
Q

hematochezia

A

blood in the stool originates from the lower part of the esophageal tract

Med Terms (6 decks)

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