Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Term > Chapter 7: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Oxygen is essential for life and is transported to all cells in exchange for CO2, a waste product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What process is responsible for transporting oxygen and CO2 in the respiratory system?

A

Breathing (ventilation)

Breathing helps regulate the pH of the blood and maintain homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define carbon dioxide (CO2).

A

Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism

The blood carries CO2 to the lungs for exhalation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone

Examples include the tip of the nose and the outer ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are cilia?

A

Minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell

Cilia in the trachea help move particles upward to the pharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the term ‘diffuse’ mean?

A

To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the significance of oxygen (O2) in the respiratory system?

A

Essential for human respiration

Oxygen is transported to cells for metabolic processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does pH indicate?

A

The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance

A pH less than 7 indicates increasing acidity, while a pH greater than 7 indicates increasing alkalinity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist

Also called serosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the first step in the breathing process?

A

Inhalation

Air is drawn into the nasal cavity, where it is filtered, heated, and moistened.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides?

A

Nasal septum

The nasal septum is made of cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fill in the blank: The nasal cavity is lined with _______ membranes and tiny hairs called cilia.

A

mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False: The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract.

A

False

The larynx is part of the lower respiratory tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Site of gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

Alveoli facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What structures are involved in the respiratory system’s gas exchange process?

A

Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

This is where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are exchanged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?

A

It assists in the inhalation and exhalation process by contracting and relaxing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the major components of the upper respiratory tract.

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea

These structures facilitate the initial stages of breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia escalator?

A

To move particles upward to the pharynx

Habitual smoking can damage the cilia escalator, impairing this function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are olfactory neurons?

A

Receptors for the sense of smell located deep in the nasal cavity

Covered with a layer of mucus and embedded among epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air, consisting of three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are adenoids?

A

A collection of lymphoid tissue located within the nasopharynx

Also known as pharyngeal tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

In the oropharynx

Commonly referred to as tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Contains structures that make vocal sounds possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

Seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A

The larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped cartilage rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the bronchi lead to?

A

The right and left lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Smaller branches formed from the division of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles that resemble small balloons for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What role do pulmonary capillaries play?

A

Lie next to alveoli allowing for the diffusion of CO2 from blood and O2 into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the right and left lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Visceral pleura covers the lungs; parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura containing lubricating fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A large muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavities that assists in ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts, decreasing pressure in the chest and drawing air into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is pulmonary respiration?

A

The process where O2 is taken from air and CO2 is returned to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

List the four processes included in respiration.

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Transport of respiratory gases
  • Internal respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The involuntary action of moving air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What occurs during external respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the transport of respiratory gases?

A

The movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs via the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and blood in systemic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are olfactory neurons?

A

Receptors for the sense of smell located deep in the nasal cavity

Covered with a layer of mucus and embedded among epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air, consisting of three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are adenoids?

A

A collection of lymphoid tissue located within the nasopharynx

Also known as pharyngeal tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

In the oropharynx

Commonly referred to as tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Contains structures that make vocal sounds possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

Seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A

The larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped cartilage rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What do the bronchi lead to?

A

The right and left lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Smaller branches formed from the division of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles that resemble small balloons for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What role do pulmonary capillaries play?

A

Lie next to alveoli allowing for the diffusion of CO2 from blood and O2 into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the right and left lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Visceral pleura covers the lungs; parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura containing lubricating fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A large muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavities that assists in ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts, decreasing pressure in the chest and drawing air into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is pulmonary respiration?

A

The process where O2 is taken from air and CO2 is returned to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

List the four processes included in respiration.

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • External respiration
  • Transport of respiratory gases
  • Internal respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The involuntary action of moving air into and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What occurs during external respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the transport of respiratory gases?

A

The movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs via the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and blood in systemic capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To provide oxygen to the entire body and expel carbon dioxide from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

How does the respiratory system interact with the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems?

A

The tonsils, adenoids, and other immune structures in the respiratory tract protect against pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What role does the respiratory system play in the cardiovascular system?

A

It provides O2 and removes CO2 from cardiac tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system in relation to the digestive system?

A
  • Provides O2 needed for digestive functions
  • Removes CO2 produced by the organs of digestion
  • Shares the pharynx with the digestive system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

How does the respiratory system support the endocrine system?

A

It helps maintain a stable pH required for proper functioning of the endocrine glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What changes occur in the respiratory rate in response to sexual activity?

A

Respiratory rate increases during sexual activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is a key function of the respiratory system during pregnancy?

A

Fetal respiration occurs during pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

How does the respiratory system contribute to skin health?

A

It furnishes O2 and disposes of CO2 to maintain healthy skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What role does the respiratory system play in male reproductive health?

A
  • Maintains pH for gonadal hormone function
  • Supplies oxygen to reproductive structures to maintain viable sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

How does the respiratory system support muscle function?

A
  • Provides O2 for muscle contraction
  • Eliminates CO2 produced by muscles
  • Provides O2 for bone development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What does the respiratory system supply to the nervous system?

A
  • Provides O2 for brain, spinal cord, and sensory organ functions
  • Helps maintain a stable pH for neural function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

How does the respiratory system assist the urinary system?

A
  • Supplies O2 and removes CO2 to maintain proper functioning of urinary structures
  • Assists in regulating pH by removing CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the meaning of the combining form ‘nas/o’?

A

Nose

‘nas/o’ is used in medical terms related to the nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What does ‘nas/al’ mean?

A

Pertaining to the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is ‘rhin/o/plasty’?

A

Surgical repair of the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is ‘sept/o’ in medical terminology?

A

Septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What does ‘sept/o/plasty’ refer to?

A

Surgical repair of the septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is the purpose of a ‘sinus/o/tomy’?

A

Incision to improve breathing or for drainage in unresponsive sinusitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What does ‘pharyng/o’ refer to?

A

Pharynx (throat)

90
Q

What is the function of a ‘pharyng/o/scope’?

A

Instrument for examining the pharynx

91
Q

What does ‘adenoid/o’ mean?

A

Adenoids

92
Q

What is ‘adenoid/ectomy’?

A

Excision or removal of the adenoids

93
Q

What does ‘tonsill/o’ refer to?

A

Tonsils

94
Q

What does ‘peri/tonsill/ar’ mean?

A

Pertaining to around the tonsils

95
Q

What is ‘epiglott/o’ in medical terms?

A

Epiglottis

96
Q

What does ‘epiglott/itis’ indicate?

A

Inflammation of the epiglottis

97
Q

True or False: Epiglottitis can lead to severe airway obstruction and death.

A

True

98
Q

What does ‘laryng/o’ refer to?

A

Larynx (voice box)

99
Q

What is ‘laryng/o/plegia’?

A

Paralysis of the larynx

100
Q

What does ‘trache/o’ mean?

A

Trachea (windpipe)

101
Q

What is ‘trache/o/plasty’?

A

Surgical repair of the trachea

102
Q

What does ‘bronchi/o’ refer to?

A

Bronchus (plural, bronchi)

103
Q

What is ‘bronch/o/scope’ used for?

A

Instrument for examining the bronchi

104
Q

What does ‘bronchiol/o’ refer to?

A

Bronchiole

105
Q

What is ‘bronchi/ectasis’?

A

Dilation or expansion of the bronchi

106
Q

What does ‘bronchiol/itis’ mean?

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

107
Q

What does ‘alveol/o’ refer to?

A

Alveolus; air sac

108
Q

What does ‘pleur/o’ indicate?

A

Pleura

109
Q

What is ‘pleur/o/scopy’?

A

Visual examination of the pleura

110
Q

What does ‘pneum/o’ mean?

A

Air; lung

111
Q

What is ‘pneumon/ia’?

A

Condition of the lung

112
Q

What does ‘pulmon/o’ refer to?

A

Lung

113
Q

What is a ‘pulmon/o/logist’?

A

Specialist in the study of lungs

114
Q

What does ‘anthrac/o’ refer to?

A

Coal, coal dust

115
Q

What is ‘anthrac/osis’?

A

Abnormal condition related to coal dust exposure

116
Q

What does ‘atel/o’ mean?

A

Incomplete; imperfect

117
Q

What is ‘atel/ectasis’?

A

Dilation or expansion of an airless or collapsed lung

118
Q

What are abnormal breath sounds?

A

Sounds heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition; also called adventitious breath sounds.

119
Q

Define ‘crackle’ in respiratory terms.

A

Intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale.

120
Q

What is a ‘rhonchus’?

A

Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring.

121
Q

What does ‘stridor’ indicate?

A

High-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway.

122
Q

True or False: The presence of stridor may be life-threatening.

A

True

123
Q

What does ‘wheeze’ refer to?

A

Whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway.

124
Q

List some conditions associated with wheezing.

A
  • Asthma
  • Croup
  • Hay fever
  • Obstructive emphysema
  • Other obstructive respiratory conditions
125
Q

What is ‘acidosis’?

A

Excessive acidity of body fluids, commonly associated with pulmonary insufficiency and retention of carbon dioxide.

126
Q

Define ‘anosmia’.

A

Absence of the sense of smell, usually temporary and resulting from an upper respiratory infection or intranasal swelling.

127
Q

What is ‘apnea’?

A

Disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation; also called sleep apnea.

128
Q

Describe central sleep apnea (CSA).

A

A form of sleep apnea where the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing.

129
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

A

The most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage preventing adequate airflow to the lungs.

130
Q

List some causes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

A
  • Enlarged tonsils or adenoids
  • Decreased muscle tone of the soft palate
131
Q

What is the purpose of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)?

A

Ventilatory support used to keep airways open during sleep.

132
Q

What is mixed sleep apnea?

A

Type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously.

133
Q

What is the definition of atelectasis?

A

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung

Atelectasis is a potential complication of some surgical procedures, especially those of the chest, because of shallow breathing to avoid pain from the surgical incision.

134
Q

What is coryza?

A

Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis

Causes of coryza include bacteria, viruses, irritants, and allergens.

135
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of croup?

A

Resonant, barking cough with suffocative, difficult breathing; laryngeal spasms; narrowing of the top of the air passages

136
Q

What is cystic fibrosis (CF)?

A

Life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas

There is no cure for cystic fibrosis. Treatment consists of supportive measures that help the patient lead a normal life to the extent possible and that prevent pulmonary infection.

137
Q

What is a deviated nasal septum?

A

Displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleed

138
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years

Signs and symptoms include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway.

139
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed

140
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia

141
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis

142
Q

What is influenza?

A

Acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs; also called flu

Flu viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing regularly. Guidelines recommend vaccination each flu season because flu can cause serious complications, including pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and asthma flare-up.

143
Q

What is pertussis?

A

Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic ‘whoop’ sound; also called whooping cough

Immunization of infants as part of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccination is effective in preventing pertussis.

144
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs

Pleural effusions are described as exudates when high in protein and immune cells or as transudates when the fluid resembles serum and does not contain inflammatory cells.

145
Q

What is empyema?

A

Exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax

146
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of thoracic surgery

Pneumothorax commonly causes a partial or complete collapse of a lung (atelectasis).

147
Q

Fill in the blank: A nasal mask (pillows) provides _____ pressure.

A

positive

148
Q

True or False: Croup is a common condition in adults.

A

False

149
Q

What is the definition of pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis.

The term ‘pleurisy’ derives from ‘pleura’ meaning pleura and ‘-isy’ indicating a state or condition.

150
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure. Excessive fluid in the lungs induces coughing and dyspnea.

The term ‘pulmonary’ refers to the lungs and ‘edema’ indicates swelling due to fluid.

151
Q

Define pulmonary embolism.

A

Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body.

Commonly caused by a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that travels from the leg to the lungs.

152
Q

What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death.

The rate of SIDS has decreased more than 30% since parents have been instructed to place babies on their backs for sleeping.

153
Q

What are the primary symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats.

Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease primarily affecting the lungs.

154
Q

True or False: Tuberculosis can affect any organ of the body.

A

True.

Although it primarily affects the lungs, tuberculosis can spread to other organs.

155
Q

Fill in the blank: Pulmonary embolism is commonly caused by a _______.

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

156
Q

What has been the effect of placing babies on their backs for sleeping with regards to SIDS?

A

The rate of SIDS has decreased more than 30%.

This practice is recommended to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

157
Q

What is the treatment requirement for tuberculosis?

A

Administration of multiple antibiotics taken for several months to eradicate the organism.

Many strains of TB are resistant to treatment, necessitating a comprehensive antibiotic regimen.

158
Q

What is the Mantoux test used for?

A

Tuberculosis screening test to identify previous exposure to tuberculosis

A positive result is indicated by a lump that is hardened, red, and swollen at the injection site after 2 days.

159
Q

How is a positive Mantoux test result confirmed?

A

Followed up with a chest x-ray to confirm active tuberculosis

160
Q

What does oximetry measure?

A

Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen

Also called pulse oximetry, it uses a probe attached to the patient’s finger or earlobe.

161
Q

Define polysomnography.

A

Test of sleep cycles and stages using EEGs and other measurements

Measures brain waves, muscle activity, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm, and may include video observation.

162
Q

What are pulmonary function tests (PFTs) used for?

A

Aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments

163
Q

What does spirometry measure?

A

How much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs

164
Q

What does the spirometer produce?

A

A graphic record of spirometry results for patient chart

The therapist monitors the patient during the test.

165
Q

What is bronchoscopy?

A

Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope

The endoscope can be flexible fiberoptic or rigid, allowing for direct viewing or projection on a monitor.

166
Q

What can attachments on a bronchoscope do?

A

Help suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy

167
Q

Fill in the blank: Oximetry is a _______ method of monitoring oxygen saturation.

A

noninvasive

168
Q

True or False: A positive Mantoux test does not require further testing.

A

False

169
Q

What is a bronchoscope?

A

A viewing piece used to examine the bronchus

It has a channel to accommodate biopsy forceps and instruments.

170
Q

What is laryngoscopy?

A

Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities

The term is derived from ‘laryng/o’ meaning larynx and ‘-scopy’ meaning visual examination.

171
Q

What does mediastinoscopy examine?

A

Mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

It involves inserting a mediastinoscope through a small incision above the sternum.

172
Q

What is the purpose of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?

A

Measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

It evaluates acid-base state and how well oxygen is being carried to body tissues.

173
Q

What is a sputum culture used for?

A

Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract

It is especially useful for identifying pathogens that cause pneumonias.

174
Q

What does a sweat test measure?

A

The amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

It is primarily used in children to confirm cystic fibrosis and is considered the gold standard in diagnosis.

175
Q

What is the primary use of a throat culture?

A

To identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci

Untreated streptococcal infections may lead to serious secondary complications, including kidney and heart disease.

176
Q

What does a chest x-ray (CXR) help identify?

A

Lung conditions such as pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, and pneumothorax

If CXR results are inconclusive, other imaging tests are performed.

177
Q

What is computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)?

A

Minimally invasive imaging that combines CT scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries

CTPA is highly sensitive and specific for the presence of pulmonary emboli.

178
Q

What is the purpose of a ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan?

A

To evaluate airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot

It is also known as a V-Q lung scan.

179
Q

What is a pleurectomy?

A

Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura

It helps reduce pain caused by a tumor mass or prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion.

180
Q

What is pneumonectomy?

A

Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer.

pneumon: air, lung; -ectomy: excision, removal

181
Q

What does septoplasty involve?

A

Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum.

Commonly performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures.

182
Q

What is thoracentesis?

A

Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity.

Also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis.

183
Q

What are the purposes of thoracentesis?

A

As a diagnostic procedure and as a therapeutic procedure.

Helps determine the nature and cause of an effusion and relieves discomfort caused by the effusion.

184
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea.

A

[tracheostomy]

185
Q

What does the term ‘tracheostomy’ mean?

A

Forming an opening into the trachea.

trache/o: trachea; -stomy: forming an opening (mouth)

186
Q

What are common complications of a deviated septum?

A

Interference with breathing and a predisposition to sinus infections.

These complications necessitate surgical intervention.

187
Q

What is the role of the pleura?

A

To surround the lungs and assist in the mechanics of breathing.

Includes visceral pleura and parietal pleura.

188
Q

What is therapeutic aerosol therapy?

A

Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways

Techniques include nebulizer mist treatments (NMTs), metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs).

189
Q

What are the techniques used in therapeutic aerosol therapy?

A
  • Nebulizer mist treatments (NMTs)
  • Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs)
  • Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)

Nebulizers change liquid medications into droplets for inhalation.

190
Q

How do nebulizers function?

A

They change liquid medications into droplets to be inhaled through a mouthpiece

This allows direct delivery of medication to the lungs.

191
Q

What is the purpose of a spacer in MDIs?

A

To synchronize inhalation with medication release

Especially useful for children and the elderly.

192
Q

What is antral lavage?

A

Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material

Often performed in immunosuppressed patients or those with sinusitis unresponsive to medical management.

193
Q

What is endotracheal intubation?

A

A procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway

Commonly performed before surgery or in emergency situations.

194
Q

What is postural drainage?

A

Method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the lungs

Helps make breathing easier.

195
Q

What are antibiotics used to treat?

A

Respiratory infections

They destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

196
Q

What are bronchodilators effective for?

A

Treating COPD and exercise-induced asthma

They help open the airways.

197
Q

What types of drugs are important in managing pulmonary disorders?

A
  • Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

These are crucial for control and management of many pulmonary disorders.

198
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ block histamines from binding with receptor sites in tissues.

A

Antihistamines

199
Q

What are common symptoms caused by histamines?

A
  • Sneezing
  • Runny nose
  • Itchiness
  • Rashes

Antihistamines are often combined with other medications for relief.

200
Q

What is the trade name for azithromycin?

A

Zithromax

201
Q

What is Augmentin made of?

A

Amoxicillin clavulanate

A common antibiotic used to treat infections.

202
Q

What is the generic name for Claritin?

A

Loratadine

203
Q

True or False: Fexofenadine is a type of bronchodilator.

A

False

Fexofenadine is an antihistamine.

204
Q

What are expectorants?

A

Drugs that liquefy respiratory secretions for easier dislodging during coughing episodes

Expectants are prescribed for productive coughs.

205
Q

What is the therapeutic action of antitussives?

A

Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain

Antitussives alleviate nonproductive dry coughs and should not be used with productive coughs.

206
Q

What do bronchodilators do?

A

Stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, expanding air passages and increasing airflow

Bronchodilators help treat chronic symptoms and prevent acute attacks in respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD.

207
Q

How are bronchodilators commonly administered?

A

By inhaler, orally, or intravenously

Combination products with corticosteroids are also available.

208
Q

What is the function of corticosteroids in respiratory treatment?

A

Act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions

Available as nasal sprays, inhaled steroids, and oral forms.

209
Q

What do decongestants do?

A

Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages to limit blood flow, causing swollen tissues to shrink

They are commonly prescribed for allergies and colds and are often combined with antihistamines.

210
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ liquefy respiratory secretions for easier dislodging.

A

Expectorants

211
Q

What are some common generic names for bronchodilators?

A
  • albuterol
  • salmeterol
  • budesonide/formoterol

Examples include Proventil and Serevent for albuterol and salmeterol, respectively.

212
Q

True or False: Antitussives should be used for productive coughs.

A

False

213
Q

What does the abbreviation COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

214
Q

What is the meaning of the abbreviation ABG?

A

Arterial blood gas(es)

215
Q

What is the role of guaifenesin?

A

An expectorant used to help loosen mucus

It is available under trade names like Robitussin and Mucinex.

216
Q

What is the therapeutic action of corticosteroids?

A

Block production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions

217
Q

What type of cough do expectorants treat?

A

Productive coughs

218
Q

Fill in the blank: Decongestants are commonly prescribed for _______.

A

Allergies and colds

219
Q

What does the abbreviation URI stand for?

A

Upper respiratory infection

220
Q

What is the purpose of using combination products with bronchodilators?

A

To enhance treatment efficacy in respiratory diseases

Combination with corticosteroids is common.

Med Term (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions