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COM - MOD 2 > Chapter 7 High Yield > Flashcards

Chapter 7 High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tumor is derived from glands and applied to benign epithelial neoplasms?

A

Adenoma

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2
Q

What benign epithelial neoplasm has visible finger like or warty projections?

A

Papilloma

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3
Q

A poly with glandular tissue is called what?

A

Adenomatous polyp

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4
Q

Malignant tumors arising from solid mesenchymal tissues are called what?

A

Sarcoma

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5
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called what?

A

Carcinomas

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6
Q

What is the most common mixed tumor?

Capable of producing what?

A

Salivary gland mixed tumor

Epithelial and myoepithelial cells

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7
Q

What is the term applied to a heterotopic rest of cells?

A

Choristoma

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8
Q

What refers to variation of size and shape of cancer cells?

A

Pleomorphism

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9
Q

What best describes carcinoma in situ?

A

Dysplastic changes are marked and involve the full thickness of the epithelium

Lesions DO NOT penetrate the BM

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10
Q

What malignant cancers invade early but rarely metastasize?

A

Gliomas

Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

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11
Q

What are the 3 pathways of spread of cancer?

A

Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces
Lymphatic spread
Hematogenous spread

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12
Q

In direct seeding of body cavities, sometimes appendiceal carcinomas or ovarian carcinomas fill the peritoneal cavity with what?

A

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

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13
Q

Where do carcinomas of the breast in the upper outer quadrant disseminate 1st to?

Inner quadrants?

A

Axillary LN

LNs along internal mammary arteries

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14
Q

Where do carcinomas of the lung in the major respiratory passages metastasize first to?

A

Perihilar tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes

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15
Q

Renal cell carcinoma invades what structure?

A

Renal vein then the IVC

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16
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma often penetrates what?

A

Portal and hepatic radicles

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17
Q

Breast carcinoma preferentially spreads to where?

A

Bone

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18
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma preferentially spreads to where?

A

Adrenals and brain

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19
Q

Neuroblastoma preferentially spreads to where?

A

Liver and bones

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20
Q

Describe the following for malignant cancers:

Differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis

A

Lack differentiation (anaplasia)
Erratic, slow or rapid
Locally invasive
Frequent

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21
Q

Describe the following for benign cancers:

Differentiation
Rate of growth
Local invasion
Metastasis

A

Well differentiated
Progressive and slow
Cohesive
Absent

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22
Q

What are the most common tumors in Men?

Bitches?

A

Prostate, lung, colon

Breast, lung, colon

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23
Q

What is responsible for a large majority of cervical carcinoma and increasing fraction of head and neck cancers?

A

HPV

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24
Q

What cancer is associated with benzene?

A

AML

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25
Q

What cancer is associated with beryllium?

A

Lung carcinoma

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26
Q

What cancer is associated with cadmium?

A

Prostate carcinoma

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27
Q

What cancer is associated with vinyl chloride?

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma

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28
Q

What cancer is associated with chromium?

A

Lung carcinoma

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29
Q

What cancer is associated with nickel?

A

Lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma

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30
Q

What is the etiologic agent of osteomyelitis?

What neoplasm?

A

Bacterial infection

Carcinoma in draining sinuses

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31
Q

What is the classic example of a benign, neoplastic, precursor lesion?

A

Colonic villous adenoma

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32
Q

Mutation in ABL gene results in what cancer?

A

CML

ALL

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33
Q

What gene mutation causes breast carcinoma?

A

ERBB2 (HER2)

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34
Q

What gene mutation causes adenocarcinoma of the lung?

A

ERBB1 (EGFR)

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35
Q

Mutation of JAK2 gene causes what?

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

ALL

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36
Q

Mutation of ALK gene causes what cancers?

A

Adenocarcinoma of lung
Lymphomas
Neuroblastomas

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37
Q

PDGFB mutation causes what cancer?

A

Astrocytoma = glioblastoma

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38
Q

TGFA mutation causes what cancer?

A

astrocytoma

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39
Q

90% of what type of cancer contains RAS mutations?

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinomas

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40
Q

T(9;22) of BCR-ABL results in what?

A

CML

ALL

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41
Q

What are examples of myeloproliferative disorders?

What gene mutation causes these?

A

PEP
Polycythemia Vera
Essential thrombocytosis
Primary myelofibrosis

JAK2

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42
Q

T (8;14) is seen in what?

What is located on chromosome 8 and 14?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

MYC - 8
Ig heavy chain - 14

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43
Q

What responds to growth suppressors such as TGF-B?

A

p27

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44
Q

What is induced by p53?

What does it inhibit?

A

p21

CDK4-cyclin D thus maintaining RB in active state

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45
Q

What chromosome is p53 located on?

Acts mainly through what?

What negatively regulates p53?

A

17

P21

MDM2

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46
Q

What inhibits MDM2 activity?

What does this do?

A

p14

Increases p53 activity

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47
Q

What specifically binds to cyclinD-CDK4 to inhibit the cell cycle?

A

p16

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48
Q

What are the key initiators of p53 activity following DNA damage or cellular exposure to hypoxia?

A

ATM

ATR

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49
Q

Tumors with wild type or mutated TP53 alleles are more susceptible to chemotherapy?

What kind of cancers?

A

Wild type

Testicular teratocarcinomas and childhood ALL

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50
Q

Mutated TP53 alleles are mostly resistant to chemotherapy and irrigation and include what cancers?

A

Lung and colorectal

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51
Q

What is an abundant collagenous stroma called?

How can this also be described?

A

Desmoplasia

Scirrhous

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52
Q

What chromosome is the RB gene located?

How is it inherited?

A

13

Autosomal dominant

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53
Q

When is the RB gene active?

Is E2F sequestered or released When RB is active?

A

Hypophosphorylated

Sequestered

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54
Q

Mutation of APC causes what cancer?

Inherited how?

Inhibits what?

A

Carcinoma of stomach, colon, pancreas, melanoma

Autosomal dominant

WNT signaling

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55
Q

NF1 gene mutation causes what cancer?

Inhibits what?

A

Neuroblastoma
Juvenile myeloid leukemia

RAS/MAPK signaling

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56
Q

NF2 mutation causes what Cancer?

What is its function?

A

Schwannoma
Meningioma

Cytoskeleton stability

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57
Q

BRCA1 mutation causes what cancer

What specifically for men?

A

Familial breast and ovarian carcinomas

Carcinomas of male breast

58
Q

What cancer is specific to a mutation in BRCA2?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

59
Q

Mutation of VHL gene causes what cancer?

What syndromes?

What does it inhibit?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma

HIF1a

60
Q

What gene mutation is responsible for causing gastric carcinoma and lobular breast carcinoma?

What is the fx?

A

CDH1

Cell adhesion, inhibition of cell motility

61
Q

What is the function of GADD45?

What induces it?

A

DNA repair

p53

62
Q

What does CDKN2A activate?

A

p16 and p14

63
Q

How does the Warburg effect work (3 ways)?

A

PI3K/AKT signaling
RTK activity
MYC

64
Q

What opposes the actions of the Warburg effect via blockage of PI3K/AKT signaling?

A

PTEN

65
Q

Mutation of PTEN results in what?

Located on what chromosome?

A

Cowden syndrome

10

66
Q

What is loss of adhesion to the BM called?

Triggers what?

A

Anoikis

Apoptosis

67
Q

T(14;18) results in what kind of cancers?

A

Follicular lymphoma

68
Q

What protein is often found overexpressed in drug-resistant cancers?

A

MCL-1

69
Q

What are the 6 methods of evasion of apoptosis?

A 
Loss of p53 -> reduction of BAX
Upregulation of BCL2, BCL-XL, MCL-1
Loss of APAF1
Upregulation of IAPs
Reduced CD96
Inactivation of FADD
70
Q

What terminates the vascular quiescence in situ tumors experience?

A

Angiogenic switch

71
Q

What are the main pro angiogenic factors?

GOF mutations in what may upregulate them?

A

VEGF, bFGF

RAS or MYC

72
Q

What is the 1st step of invasion?

A

Loss of E-Cadherins

73
Q

What is the 2nd step of invasion?

A

Degradation of the BM and interstitial CT

74
Q

What proteases are involved in tumor cell invasion (2nd step)?

A

MMPs
Cathepsin D
Urokinase plasminogen activator.

75
Q

What is the 3rd step in invasion?

A

Attachment of tumor cells to ECM proteins via Integrins

76
Q

What is the final step in invasion?

A

Locomotion, propelling tumor cells through the degraded BM and zones of matrix proteolysis

77
Q

Solid tumors and normal T lymphocytes use what to spread to LNs and other metastatic sites?

A

CD44 binding to hyaluronate on HEVs

78
Q

Where do most metastasis occur?

What organs?

A

First capillary bed available

Lung and liver

79
Q

What areas of the body rarely have metastasis?

A

Spleen

Skeletal muscle

80
Q

What are the oncofetal antigens whose expression at high levels indicates cancer on normal tissue?

A

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

AFP (a-fetoprotein)

81
Q

What mucins are expressed on ovarian carcinomas?

A

CA-125

CA19-9

82
Q

Where is MUC-1 expressed?

A

Ovarian and breast carcinomas

83
Q

What is expressed on all normal mature B cells and may be used in cancer treatment to leukemia?

A

CD20

84
Q

What is expressed on T cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas and antibodies to it may be used as treatment?

A

CD30

85
Q

What are the anti-tumor effector mechanisms?

A

CTL
NK
Macrophages

86
Q

What mode of inheritance is hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)?

Defect in what?

Genome shows what?

A

Autosomal dominant

Mismatch repair system

Microsatellite instability

87
Q

Mutations in what genes account for 30% of HNPCC?

A

MSH2 and MLH1

88
Q

People with xeroderma pigmentosum are at increased risk for what?

Defect in what?

A

Cancer of skin due to UV radiation -> pyrimidine dimers

NER

89
Q

Defects in the homologous recombination DNA repair system results in what?

A

Bloom syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Fanconi anemia

90
Q

Lymphoid neoplasms result from genomic instability caused by what mutations?

A

RAG1/2

AID

91
Q

Infiltrating cancers invoke chronic inflammatory states with what classic symptoms?

A

Anemia
Fatigue
Cachexia

92
Q

What is used as treatment for familial adenomatous poylposis?

A

COX2 inhibtors

93
Q

T (15;17) causes what?

Production of what fusion gene?

A

AML

PML-RARalpha

94
Q

T (8;21) causes what?

A

AML

95
Q

T (8;14) causes what?

What is on genes 8 and 14?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

8 - MYC
14 - IGH

96
Q

Ewing sarcoma is a result of what translocation?

A

T(11;22)

97
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma is from what translocation?

A

(11;14)

98
Q

What chromosome is implicated in all translocations of prostatic adenocarcinoma?

Translocations?

A

21

7;21
(17;21)

99
Q

Gene amplification of NMYC results in what?

ERBB2?

A

Neuroblastoma

Breast cancer

100
Q

What kind of cancers is chromothrypsis prevalent in?

A

Osteosarcomas and other bone cancers

Gliomas

101
Q

What are miRs and how/what do they act?

A

Small, noncoding, ssRNA inhibitors of mRNA translation

Act through RISC

102
Q

What miR is believed to be important in invasiveness and metastasis?

A

MiR-200

103
Q

What miR is overexpressed in B cell lymphomas and upregulates MYC?

A

miR-155

104
Q

Deletions of what miRs lead to CLL?

Their deletion upregulates what?

A

miR-15 and miR-16

BCL-2

105
Q

Defects in DICER lead to what cancers?

A

Ovarian and testicular tumors

106
Q

Describe the steps in Carcinogenesis in the colon:

A

Loss of APC at ch. 5
Activation of RAS
Loss of TP53 (ch. 18)

107
Q

What carcinogen does Aspergillus make?

Causes what cancer?

A

Aflatoxin B1

Hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa and Far East

108
Q

What is responsible for the induction of cutaneous cancers?

Do to what?

What wavelength?

A

UVB

Formation of pyrimidine dimers (NER)

280-320nm

109
Q

What is filtered out by the ozone layer surrounding the earth and is insignificant?

Wavelength?

A

UVC

200-280nm

110
Q

What are the most frequent radiation-induced tumors?

A

Myeloid leukemia, thyroid (only in the young)

Intermediate: breast, lung salivary glands

111
Q

What sites are relatively resistant to radiation-induced neoplasia?

A

Skin, bone, gi tract

112
Q

What is the main oncogenic RNA virus?

What does it cause?

Endemic where?

A

HTLV-1

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)

Japan, Caribbean, South America, Africa

113
Q

What protein is responsible for the transforming activity and essential for viral replication in HTLV-1?

A

Tax

114
Q

What DNA virus is associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix?

A

HPV 16 and 18

115
Q

What binds to and mediates the degradation of p53?

What does it stimulate?

Polymorphism of Arg72 in p53 leads to what?

A

E6 protein

TERT

cervical carcinoma

116
Q

What binds RB protein and displaces E2F?

What can it inactivate?

What can it activate?

A

E7 protein

p21 and p27

Cyclins E and A

117
Q

HPV itself is not sufficient for Carcinogenesis, what else does it need for full malignant transformation?

A

Co-transfection with mutated RAS

118
Q

What are the most common EBV associated tumors?

A

derived from B cells

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

119
Q

What does EBV use to infect B cells?

A

CD21

120
Q

What does EBV use as an oncogene?

How does it act?

A

LMP-1

Stimulates CD40 and/or NF-KB and JAK/STAT signaling

121
Q

What is the core protein in HBV and HBC?

Where is HBV endemic?

A

HBx

Far East and Africa

122
Q

H.pylori causes what cancers?

What associated gene is present?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric lymphomas

CagA

123
Q

What is characteristic of neoplasms in the gut and urinary tract?

A

Melena and hematuria

124
Q

Grading of tumors is based on what?

A

Cytologic appearance based on differentiation

125
Q

What are the 3 things staging is graded on?

A

T - size of primary lesion
N - extent of spread to regional LNs
M - presence or absence of blood-borne metastases

126
Q

T0 means what?

A

In situ lesion

127
Q

What screening technique is used for carcinoma of the cervix, endometrial carcinoma, lung carcinoma, bladder and prostatic tumors, etc

A

Cytologic smears

128
Q

What technique is used for assessment of breast, thyroid, and LN cancer?

A

Fine needle aspiration (FNA)

129
Q

What does ALK indicate?

A

Lung cancer and lymphoma

130
Q

What does cytokeratins indicate?

A

Epithelial carcinoma

131
Q

HCG is a marker for what?

A

Testicular tumor

132
Q

CA-125 is a marker for what?

A

Ovarian tumor

IG in multiple myeloma

133
Q

AFP is a marker for what?

A

Liver cell cancer

134
Q

Neuron specific enolase associated with what tumor?

A

Small-cell cancer of lung, neuroblastoma

135
Q

What cancers is Cushing syndrome associated with?

A

Small-cell carcinoma of the lung
Pancreatic carcinoma
Neural tumor

136
Q

What cancers is Hypercalcemia associated with?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung
Breast carcinoma
Renal carcinoma
ATLL

137
Q

What cancers is myasthenia gravis associated with?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Thymic neoplasms

138
Q

What cancers is acanthosis nigricans associated with?

Due to what?

A

Lung, uterine, gastric carcinomas

EGF secretions

139
Q

What cancers is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with?

A

Big Ten Hype

Bronchogenic carcinoma
Thymic neoplasms

140
Q

What cancers is Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau’s) associated with?

A

Bronchogenic and pancreatic carcinoma

141
Q

What cancers is DIC associated with?

A

AML
Prostatic carcinoma

DICAP-itated

142
Q

What cancer is associated with polycythemia?

What mechanism?

A

Renal and hepatic carcinoma
Cerebellar hemangioma

EPO

COM - MOD 2 (3 decks)

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