Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Module 3 Exchange And Transport > Chapter 7 Exchange Surfaces And Breathing > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Exchange Surfaces And Breathing Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the features of an effective exchange system?

A

Large Surface Area to volume ratio
Thin
Moist
Permeable
Mechanisms to maintain a good concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is a Large Surface area to volume ratio an effective feature of an exchange surface?

A

Allows exchange to happen quickly in larger organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are thin layers an effective feature of an exchange surface?

A

Diffusion can occur quickly and more efficiently over a short distance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is being moist an effective feature of an exchange surface?

A

Moisture increases surface tension, making it easier and more efficient for gases to diffuse across the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are mechanisms for maintaining a concentration gradient an effective feature of an exchange surface?

A

This includes having a good blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient and increase the rate of diffusion. This is because substances are constantly being delivered to and removed from the exchange surface.

Additionally, ventilation helps to maintain a concentration gradient for gases, making the process more efficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why can single-celled organisms diffuse without the need for specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Single-celled organisms are able to diffuse without the need for specialised exchange surfaces because they have a
-lower metabolic activity than that of a larger organism which will be in need of a constant high demand of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.
-They have a large surface area to volume ratio so diffusion can occur quickly and efficiently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What must all animals maintain and remove?

A

Animals must maintain oxygen and nutrients required for respiration and growth. However, they must also removed the waste products of metabolism such as Carbon dioxide, Ammonium and Urea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key structures of Gas exchange systems?

A

Goblet Cells
Ciliated Epithelium
Elastic Fibres
Smooth Muscle
Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of Goblet Cells?

A

Goblet cells line the airways secreting mucus which contains glycoproteins. The mucus protects the airways from dehydration and traps microorganisms and dust which has been inhaled, prevent them from reaching the alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of Ciliated Epithelium?

A

Ciliated Epithelium is a thin tissue which forms the outer layer of a bodies surface.
Contains cilia which are hair-like structures on the end of the cells that move in an ave rhythm to waft mucus to the top of the trachea where it can be swallowed. Therefore, any microbes in the mucus will be killed by the stomach acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How would you identify Ciliated Epithelium or Cilia on a Microscope image of the airways?

A

Hair-like projections can be observed on the Lumen surface of the trachea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of Elastic Fibres?

A

Elastic Fibres aid the process of exhalation. When the lungs inhale and the airway constricts the elastic fibres will stretch and then recoil to their original size during exhalation in order to dilate the airway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How would you identify Elastic Fibres on a Microscope image of the airways?

A

Elastic Fibres are long thin fibres placed within the walls of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of Smooth Muscle?

A

Smooth Muscle controls the involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscle within hollow organs. The contractions produced are slow and long-term for which the individual is unaware of its occurrence.
The Smooth Muscle in airways are able to expand during exercise, giving less resistance to airflow and contract making the lumen of the airway smaller which is important if there is a harmful substance in the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How would you identify Smooth Muscle on a Microscope image of the airways?

A

Smooth muscle consists of spindle- shaped cells (having a circular cross section with tapering toward the end).
They can be identified within the walls of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and the alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of Cartilage?

A

Strong and flexible connective tissue which supports the walls of the airways.
Cartilage hold the airways open during inhalation preventing its collapse when air pressure is low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How would you identify Cartilage on a Microscope image of the airways?

A

Cartilage will appear as a connective tissue composed of chondrablast cells (cells which look like ‘eyes’). Cartilage will appear as a large block on a trachea image while within the Bronchi cartilage appears as irregular blocks.
The alveoli and bronchioles dont contain cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How would you know if a microscope image of an area of the airways was the Trachea or Bronchi?

A

Trachea will have a large block of cartilage formed in the shape of a ‘c’.
Bronchi, however, has irregular smaller blocks of Cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are the lungs adapted for the exchange system?

A

Have a large surface area to volume ratio due to the alveoli
The alveolar wall is made up of squamous (pavement) epithelium which is very thin and has a short diffusion path.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do the external intercostal muscles move during inspiration?

A

The intercostal muscles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do the external intercostal muscles move during expiration?

A

The external intercostal muscles relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does the ribcage move during inspiration?

A

Up and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the ribcage move during expiration?

A

In and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the diaphragm move during inspiration?

A

The diaphragm flattens and contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the diaphragm move during expiration?

A

The diaphragm domes and relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to the volume of the thorax during inspiration?

A

The volume increases during inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to the volume of the thorax during expiration?

A

The volume of the thorax decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to the pressure of the thorax during inspiration?

A

The pressure in the thorax decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during expiration?

A

The pressure in the thorax increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the key structures of the mammalian gaseous exchange system?

A

Nasal Cavity
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is the nasal cavity adapted for its function?

A

Large surface area with a good blood supply- which warms the air to body temperature
Hairy lining which secretes mucus- traps dust and bacteria, protecting the lungs from irritation and infection
Moist surface which increases the humidity of the air-reducing evaporation from exchange surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Main airway which carries warm, moist air from the nose down to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the trachea structured?

A

Supported by incomplete rings of strong, flexible cartilage which stop the trachea from collapsing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is the trachea adapted for its function?

A

The trachea is lined with Ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
The goblet cells secrete mucus onto the lining of the trachea in order to trap dust and microorganisms.
The cilia move in rhythmic waves in order to move the mucus up and away from the lungs where it will be swallowed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is the Bronchi structured?

A

The bronchi have smaller supporting rings of cartilage.

36
Q

How are the Bronchioles structured?

A

The Bronchioles have no cartilage rings, instead the walls of the bronchioles contain smooth muscle.

37
Q

How are the Bronchioles adapted for their function?

A

The smooth muscle is able to contract or relax, meaning the Bronchioles walls will then either constrict or dilate, changing the amount of air that can reach the lungs.
The bronchioles are lined with a thin layer of flattened epithelium, enabling gaseous exchange to take place.

38
Q

How is the alveoli structured?

A

Tiny air sacs that consist of a layer of thin, flattened epithelial cells, along with collagen and elastic fibres.

39
Q

How is the alveoli adapted for its function?

A

Large surface area to volume ratio- so efficient gaseous exchange can take place
Thin layers- alveoli wall cell is only one epithelial cell thick, reducing the diffusion distances.
Good blood supply- maintains a steep concentration gradient for both oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in capillaries
Good ventilation- helps maintain a steep diffusion gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air in the lungs.

40
Q

What is the inner surface of the alveoli covered by?

A

Thin layer of solution of water, salts and lung surfactants, its this surfactant that makes it possible for the alveoli to remind inflated.

41
Q

Why is oxygen drawn into the lungs during inspiration?

A

Oxygen moves into the lungs down a pressure gradient, this is because there is a higher pressure outside the lungs and a lower pressure inside the lungs.

42
Q

Why is expiration known as a passive process?

A

Because gravity helps air to be removed from the lungs as the ribcage falls.

43
Q

How can the capacity of the lungs be measured?

A

Peak flow meter
Vitalograph
Spirometer

44
Q

What is a Peak flow test?

A

Measures the rate that air can be expelled from the lung- usually sued by people who have asthma.

45
Q

What is a Vitalograph?

A

A sophisticated version of a peak flow meter which produces a graph of forced expiratory volume in one second.

46
Q

What is a Spirometer?

A

Measures the different aspects of the lung volume or to investigate breathing patterns.

47
Q

What safety precautions are put in place before an individual undergoes a spirometer test?

A

Ensuring the patient is healthy enough to participant and doesn’t suffer from any lung conditions
Sterilising the mouth piece between uses to prevent the spread of infection
Using medical grade oxygen
Removing the buildup of Carbon dioxide using a canister of soda lime which an absorbs the CO2 produced.

48
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The amount of air that is exchanged within a single breath.

49
Q

What is the approximate tidal volume of an adult at rest?

A

500cm^3 or 0.5dm^3

50
Q

How does the tidal volume change during exercise?

A

Increases during exercise

51
Q

What is the Vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exchanged in a single breath.

52
Q

What is the Vital Capacity made up of?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume

53
Q

What lung volumes are measured when an individual undertakes a Spirometer test?

A

Tidal volume
Vital Capacity
Inspiration reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Totals lung capacity

54
Q

What is the approximate Vital capacity of an adult at rest?

A

4- 4.5 dm^3

55
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume of air that you can inhale, more than the normal capacity.

56
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The extra volume of air that you can exhale out, more than the normal tidal volume.

57
Q

What is the Residual Volume?

A

The volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled to maximum capacity.

58
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume.

59
Q

What is the breathing rate?

A

The number of breaths taken per minute.

60
Q

How is breathing rate calculated from a spirometer test?

A

The spirometer trace will have a series of peaks and troughs
Peak to peak (or trough to trough) equals one breath taken
Count the number of breaths in a minute
(If the span is over 30 seconds than you can times the breathing rate by 2)

61
Q

What is the ventilation rate?

A

Total volume of air that is inhaled in one minute

62
Q

How do you calculate the ventilation rate?

A

Ventilation rate= breathing rate x tidal volume

63
Q

The normal tidal volume of a male is 500cm^3. His ventilation rate is 6dm^3 per minute. What is his resting breathing rate?

A

Ventilation rate = breathing rate x tidal volume
500cm^3 = 0.5dm^3
6/0.5= 12 breaths per minute

64
Q

During physical exertion the males breathing rate increases to 20 breaths per minute and the ventilation rate to 15dm^3. Calculate the tidal volume.

A

Ventilation rate = breathing rate x tidal volume
15dm^3= 15000cm^3
15000/20= 750cm^3

65
Q

How are oxygen consumptions calculated?

A

The air breathed into the spirometer has the Carbon dioxide removed by the soda lime.
The volume of gas will then decrease
This decrease is equivalent to its oxygen consumption
Calculate the gradient for the oxygen consumption
During exercise the gradient will be steeper.

66
Q

Some chemicals can act as allergens. If theses allergens are inhaled, they can cause breathing problems. Allergens cause the smooth muscle in the walls of the airways to contract.
Suggest the effect that this muscle contraction would have on ventilation.

A

Reduces the diameter of the lumen of the airway
Therefore it becomes difficult to exhale
More air will remain inside the lungs so it becomes harder to inhale.

67
Q

Why can’t insects effectively exchange gases?

A

They have a waxy exoskeleton which provides protection and for water retention. Therefore, they require an exchange system that leads directly to their tissue.

68
Q

What are the components of the Tracheal system of an insect?

A

Spiracles
Tracheae
Tracheoles

69
Q

What are the Spiracles?

A

Small holes that have valved openings for gas exchange. They are attached to the Tracheae.

70
Q

What is the function of the Spiracles?

A

Controls water loss by closing and have hairs to trap moisture.

71
Q

What is the Tracheae?

A

There are two either side of the insects body, which contain spirals of Chitin that reinforce the tubes.
The Tracheae then branches into smaller tubes known as Tracheoles.

72
Q

What is the function of the Tracheae?

A

Carries the oxygen

73
Q

What are Tracheoles?

A

Small and branched tubes that lead to the muscles.

74
Q

What is the function of the Tracheoles?

A

Carries oxygen directly to the muscles via Tracheole fluid at the end of the Tracheae.

75
Q

How do small insects conduct gas exchange at rest?

A

At rest, air will diffuse along the Tracheae and Tracheoles into the tissues.
The large number of Tracheoles give a large surface area to volume ration which increases the rate of diffusion of gases.
The Tracheal fluid in the Tracheoles reduces the surface area for diffusion to take place when the insects are at rest.

76
Q

How do small insects conduct gas exchange when active?

A

When active, the muscle cells start to respire anaerobically, producing lactic acid.
The lactic acid lowers the water potential of the cells and so water (tracheal fluid) will move from the tracheoles into the cells by osmosis.
This decreases the volume of liquid in the tracheoles and causes more air from the atmosphere to move in.
The increased surface area in the tracheoles than allows more oxygen to diffuse directly from the air.

77
Q

How do large insects conduct gas exchange at rest?

A

They are able to ventilate their tracheal system by:
Mechanical ventilation
Specialised Breathing system

78
Q

What is Mechanical ventilation?

A

Large insects can carry out Mechanical ventilation
Air sacs in the tracheal system can be squeezed by flight muscles to push air in and out due to volume and pressure.

79
Q

What are Specialised Breathing systems?

A

Some large insects can carry out Specialised Breathing systems.
Some can expand their abdomen, which closes the spiracles at the back of the body and open the spiracles at the front.
They can then contract their abdomen so the reverse happens.
This drives oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.

80
Q

What are the adaptions for the effective gas exchange for insects?

A

Large number of Tracheoles which provide a large surface area
Walls of Tracheoles are thin
Short distances between spiracles and Tracheoles- this provides a short diffusion distance
A concentration gradient is maintained as oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is produced
The contraction of abdominal muscles also provides a steep concentration gradient.

81
Q

What is the Tracheal Fluid?

A

Fluid found at the ends of the Tracheoles in insects to help control the surface area available for gas exchange.

82
Q

How are insects able to move gases in and out of spiracles?

A

Insects can contract and relax their abdominal muscles to move gases into and out of the spiracles to the trachea.

83
Q

How do bony fish conduct gas exchange?

A

Open mouth so the Buccal Cavity is lowered
This increases the volume of the Buccal Cavity and therefore decreases the pressure so water will move into the cavity
During this time, the operculum valve is closed, while the opercular cavity expands.
The floor of the Buccal Cavity then raises, decreasing the volume and increasing pressure so water will move from the Buccal cavity over the gills
The mouth closes, the operculum opens and the sides of the operculum cavity move inwards
Increases pressure in the opercular cavity so water is forced out over the gills and exits the operculum

84
Q

How are the gills structured?

A

There are four layers of gills on both sides of the head, the gills are made up of stacks of gill filaments.
Each gill filament is covered in gill lamella which are positioned at right angles to filaments creating a larger surface area.

85
Q

How are Bony fish adapted for effective gas exchange?

A

Large surface area to volume ratio created by the gill filaments covered in many gill lamella
Short diffusion distance due to a capillary network in every lamellae, the lamella are also vey thin.
A concentration gradient is maintained through the countercurrent flow mechanism.

86
Q

What is the countercurrent flow mechanism?

A

This is where water flows over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in the capillaries.
This ensures that equilibrium is not reached and a concentration gradient is therefore maintained across the entire gill lamella.

Biology Module 3 Exchange And Transport (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions