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Normal Development > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Interspeaker variability

A

any two people’s production of a given speech sound will differ due to physical differences in their vocal tracts

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2
Q

Intraspeaker variability

A

any individual produces a given speech sound differently in different situations

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3
Q

Phonology

A

the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language

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4
Q

Phonemes

A

meaning-distinguishing sounds

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5
Q

Phonemic transcription

A

The process of transcribing a word using consonant and vowel symbols and putting them between slashes.

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6
Q

Allophones

A

a group of several variations of the same phoneme

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7
Q

Minimal pair

A

words are identical except for a contrast in one phoneme; ‘pat’ and ‘bat’; ‘mean’ and ‘main’.

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8
Q

Minimal set

A

when a group of words are differentiated from one another by changing one phoneme; ‘big,’ ‘pig,’ ‘rig’

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9
Q

Co-articulation

A

The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next

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10
Q

Assimilation

A

the process in which a feature or characteristic of a phoneme (sound) becomes part of an adjacent phoneme

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11
Q

Elision

A

the omission of a sound segment.

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12
Q

Metathesis

A

the process of sounds reversing their order.

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13
Q

English has

A

26 letters and 46 sounds

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14
Q

All vowels are

A

voiced

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15
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Degree or type of constriction of airflow

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16
Q

Place of articulation

A

Place where constriction occurs

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17
Q

Stops

A

airflow is completely stopped /p, b, t, d, k, g/

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18
Q

Fricatives

A

airflow is forced through very constricted oral cavity, creating a hissing or friction sound /s, z, sh, zh, h/

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19
Q

Affricates

A

combination of stop plus affricate /ch, dJ/

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20
Q

Glides

A

gradually change shape of articulators /w, y/

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21
Q

Liquids

A

The least restriction in oral cavity /r, l/

22
Q

Nasals

A

velopharyngeal port is open so sound comes through the nose /m, n, ng/

23
Q

Bilabial (two lips)

A

/p, b, m, and w/

24
Q

Labiodental (lips and teeth)

A

/f, v/

25
Q

Dental (teeth and tongue)

A

voiced and voiceless “th”

26
Q

Alveolar (tongue to alveolar ridge)

A

/t, d, s, z, n, l/

27
Q

Palatal (tongue to palate)

A

/sh, zh, ch, dg [jam]/

28
Q

Velar (tongue to soft palate/velum)

A

/ng, k, g/

29
Q

Glottal (air thru vocal folds)

A

/h/ and glottal stop /ʔ /

30
Q

Glottal stop

A

momentary interruption of the airstream caused by closing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) and thereby stopping the vibration of the vocal cords. Upon release, there is a slight choke, or cough-like explosive sound.

31
Q

Cross-sectional

A

study children selected at different age levels

32
Q

Longitudinal

A

study one or a few children over an extended period of time

33
Q

Speech intelligibility

A

the degree to which people understand the sounds in words that a speaker produces.

34
Q

B/w 18- 24 months, intelligibility is

A

25% to 50%

35
Q

B/w 2-3 years, intelligibility is

A

50% to 75%

36
Q

B/w 4-5 years intelligibility is

A

75% to 90%

37
Q

By 5 years or older, intelligibility is

A

90 to 100%

38
Q

phonological processes

A

Misarticulations of normally developing children

39
Q

Omission

A

ca/car, yeterday/yesterday

40
Q

Substitution

A

toup/soup, thuss/fuss

41
Q

Distortion

A

slushy or noisy sounds, for example, lateral lisp

42
Q

Addition

A

cupa/cup

43
Q

Epenthesis

A

sapoon/spoon, noah/no, weeyul/will

44
Q

Reduplication

A

baba/bottle, Chacha/Charlotte, conecone/ice cream cone, bubba/brother

45
Q

Initial consonant deletion

A

oap/soap, eep/deep, ot/got

46
Q

Final consonant deletion

A

/hau/ -house, /su/ -some, /bu/ -book

47
Q

Unstressed syllable deletion

A

tephone/telephone, baball/basketball, ephant/elephant

48
Q

Denasalization

A

mad/man, bad/mad, dice/nice

49
Q

Cluster reduction

A

tain/train, bu/blue, mell/smell

50
Q

Fronting

A

dot/got, tair/chair, tum/come

Normal Development (1 decks)

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