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GTA Anatomy & Physiology PT > Chapter 5 - Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Exercise Physiology

A

The study of how the body systems react to exercise stress

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2
Q

Cardiovascular Exercise Physiology

A

Looking at how oxygen and nutrients go through the cardiovascular system and into working muscles while exercising.

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3
Q

The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system

A

To deliver nutrients and remove waste from the tissues.

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4
Q

The upper two chambers of the heart

A

Atria

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5
Q

The lower two chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

The membranous sac that covers the heart.

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7
Q

Myocardium

A

The thickest layer of cardiac muscle in the heart.

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8
Q

Heart Rate

A

The number of times that the heart beats in a minute.

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9
Q

The average normal resting heart rate…

A

60 - 80 beats per minute

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10
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from each heart beat

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11
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart. This is per minute and in liters.

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12
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Heart rate times Stroke volume

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13
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The product of the amount of blood pumped from the heart and the resistance of the flow found in the vessel.

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14
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

The pressure of blood on the vessels when the ventricles are contracting.

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15
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The pressure on the vessels by blood when relaxing.

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16
Q

Average blood pressure values

A

120 / 80 mmHg

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17
Q

Hypertension blood pressure values

A

140 / 90 mmHg

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18
Q

End diastolic volume

A

The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction

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19
Q

End systolic volume

A

The amount of blood in the ventricle after contraction

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20
Q

Respiratory system

A

Responsible for filtering the air that enters the body and allow gas exchange within the alveoli,

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21
Q

Breathing

A

An involuntary action controlled by movements of the respiratory muscles, diaphragm, and changes in pressure

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22
Q

MET

A

A way used to estimate energy cost.

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23
Q

1 MET value

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

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24
Q

Ventilatory pump

A

Provides the mechanisms for breathing and consists of the chest wall, the respiratory muscles, and the pleural space.

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25
Q

Pump Ventilation

A

The volume of air exchanged in 1 minute.

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26
Q

Pulmonary ventilation for the average sedentary adult male

A

6 liters per minute

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27
Q

The body’s supply of energy comes from?

A

ATP

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28
Q

Creatine Phosphate is?

A

The most rapid system for energy production

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29
Q

The amount of time the Creatine Phosphate system lasts

A

5 - 10 seconds

30
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

The rapid breakdown of carbohydrate molecules, either glycogen or glucose, occurring without the presence of oxygen.

31
Q

Lactate is what?

A

The by-product of anaerobic glycolysis is lactic acid. However, lactate is the secondary energy system that provides its energy for between 30-120 seconds

32
Q

Aerobic Energy Oxidation is what?

A

The final metabolic pathway for ATP production. This uses the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC). The aerobic system lasts from 3mins to several hours

33
Q

Oxygen Deficit

A

The lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of exercise. When you get out out of breath after suddenly starting rapid movement

34
Q

Steady state

A

The optimal level to support the energy demand of the exercise - linked with the aerobic energy system Low Intensity Steady State (aka LISS)

35
Q

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption

A

The consumption of more than usual amounts of oxygen after exercise. Where potential free-fat burning occurs aka low or no energy output occurs and fat stores are burnt.

36
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

The type of muscle that attaches to the skeleton and produces physical movements.

37
Q

Perimysium

A

Cover the fasiculi within the muscle.

38
Q

Endomysium

A

The covering for the individual muscle fibers.

39
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane that covers the cellular contents of the muscle fiber, nuclei, local stores of fat and carbohydrate, enzymes, contractile proteins, and other specialized structures such as the mitochondria.

40
Q

Tendon

A

A dense, fibrous connective tissue that is continuous

41
Q

Belly of the muscle

A

Thick contractile portion of the muscle

42
Q

Fascicle

A

A group of fibers that have been bound by perimysium

43
Q

Periosteum

A

A tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of bones, rich in sensory nerves, responsible for healing fractures.

44
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous tissues enveloping the entire muscle and continuous with the tendon.

45
Q

Sarcomere

A

Portion of muscle fibers found between two Z-lines

46
Q

Z-Line

A

Boundary of two sarcomeres

47
Q

H-zone

A

Consists of stacks of myosin filaments

48
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with striations.

49
Q

Actin

A

The thin filament in the sarcomere.

50
Q

Myosin

A

The thick filament in the sarcomere

51
Q

The sliding filament theory

A

The sliding-filament theory describes the events that occur between the actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction and relaxation

52
Q

All-or-none principle

A

The nerve impulse that applies to the muscle cell, regardless of its “strength,” causes the sarcomere to contract maximally or not all.

53
Q

Isometric contractions

A

The muscle or muscle group maintains a constant length as resistance is applied.

54
Q

Functional strength

A

Work performed against a resistance in such a way that the strength gained directly benefits the execution of activities of daily life and/or movements associated with sports.

55
Q

Concentric

A

When the force put in is enough to overcome resistance and the muscle shortens.

56
Q

Eccentric

A

When the force put in is not enough to overcook resistance and the muscle lengthens,

57
Q

Isokinetic Exercise

A

A constant speed against accommodating resistance.

58
Q

Type 1 muscle fibers

A

The slow twitch muscle fibers that are best for low intensity, long duration activities.

59
Q

Type IIa

A

These represent the transition fibers between type I and Type IIb fibers.

60
Q

Type IIb

A

The fast twitch fibers used during times of quick and strong force generation.

61
Q

Motor unit

A

The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

62
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

It is sensitive to the stretch (or length) of a muscle and is embedded within the muscle fiber.

63
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

A type of specialized proprioceptor that attaches to the tendons near the junction of the muscle and detects the tension of the muscle.

64
Q

The SA node

A

The intrinsic pacemaker of the heart, because this is where most normal electrical impulses originate.

65
Q

The AV node

A

Responsible for delaying the electrical impulses for approximately 0.12 second between the atria and the ventricles.

66
Q

The Central Nervous System

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

67
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System

A

All of the peripheral nerves of the voluntary system.

68
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

The autonomic nervous system regulates visceral activities such as heart rate, digestion, breathing, and the secretion of hormones.

69
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Specialized sensory receptors in the muscles and tendons that are sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure. Golgi Tendon and Muscle spindle

70
Q

Stretch reflex

A

A strong muscular contraction that is used to reduce the stretch.

71
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ measures what?

A

The tension within the muscle

72
Q

Muscle Spindle measures what?

A

The length within the muscle

GTA Anatomy & Physiology PT (14 decks)

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