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Biology 223 > Chapter 36 - 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 36 - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 major compartments in plant tissues?

A

Apoplast and Symplast

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2
Q

What is the Apoplast?

A

Everything external to the plasma membranes. Cell walls, extracellular cells, interior of dead cells.

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3
Q

What is Symplast?

A

All cytosol in living plants and plasmodesta. Inside Plasma membrane.

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4
Q

What are the 3 routes for transport?

A

Apoplastic
Symplastic
Transmembrane

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5
Q

How does apoplastic transport function?

A

Water and solutes travel through extracellular fluid.

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6
Q

How does symplastic transport function?

A

Warer and solutes travel through sytoplasm via plasmodesmata.

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7
Q

How does trasnmembrane transport function?

A

Water and solutes move out of one cell and into another. Crossings between the inside and outside of plasma membrane.

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8
Q

What is short distance transport across plasma membranses?

A

Transport in and out of cells.

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9
Q

Plasma membrane is what?

A

selectively permeable.

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10
Q

What is selectively permeable?

A

This means that only certain things can cross into the cell.

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11
Q

Plasma membrane uses what type fo transport?

A

Active Transport

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12
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport using ATP against concentration gradient or if the thing is really big.

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13
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of molecules with concentration gradient without ATP.

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14
Q

What does Hydrogen drive?

A

Transport across plant plasma membranes.

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15
Q

In addition to driving molecule movement what is Hydrogen good for?

A

Maintains Ph levels and because it is positive, it allows for charge to be maintained across cells.

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16
Q

What type of transport does Hydrogen drive?

A

Co-transport.

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17
Q

What is co-transport?

A

Diffusion of movement down the gradient.

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18
Q

Energy stored in Hydrogen does what?

A

Powers movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.

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19
Q

What do Ion channels allow for?

A

Allowing ions into or out of the cell.

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20
Q

What can make ion channels respond?

A

Chemicals, pressure, and voltage.

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21
Q

What is the technical term for movement of water across a membrane?

A

Osmosis. When water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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22
Q

What is water potential?

A

The physical property that predicts the direction that the water will flow.

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23
Q

What contributes to water potential?

A

Solute concentration and Water.

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24
Q

Water moved from _________ to __________.

A

Areas of high water potential to low water potential.

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25
Q

Water potential is measured in what unit?

A

Megapascal

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26
Q

What is the MP of water in an open container at sea level and room temp?

A

0

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27
Q

What is the MP of water in 1-x atmospheric pressure?

A

1

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28
Q

What is the MP of water potential in a plant cell with 2 x the pressure of a tire?

A

.5

29
Q

How do solute concentration and pressure affect water potential?

A
30
Q

What is the equation for water potential?

A

Water potential = Solute potential and Pressure potential

31
Q

What is solute potential also known as?

A

osmotic potential

32
Q

When solutes are added what happens to the water molecules?

A

The free water molecules are decreased

33
Q

The higher the molarity of solute in an area, what happens?

A

The less water want to move out.

34
Q

Any water with solutes is going to have what?

A

A solute potential that is negative.

35
Q

Can solute potential ever be positive?

A

No.

36
Q

Pressure potential can be what?

A

Positive or negative

37
Q

What type of pressure is created while an empty syringe is put in water?

A

Negative pressure. Positive pressure in beaker.

38
Q

What type of pressure is created when a syringe is expelling water?

A

A positive pressure.

39
Q

Most living cells have what pressure?

A

Positive.

40
Q

What is Pressure potential?

A

Component of water potential that is due to the pressure of the water

41
Q

What is Solute potential?

A

Component of water potential that is due to the presence of solutes

42
Q

Positive internal cell pressure is called what?

A

Turgor pressure?

43
Q

What causes turgor pressure?

A

The water uptake by the protoplast. It helps maintain stiffness of plant tissue and drives elongation.

44
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

Lining part of the cell

45
Q

What type of pressure do dead cells have?

A

Negative pressure.

46
Q

What WP do hollow xylem cells have?

A

-2 which facilitates water movement through the xylem.

47
Q

How does water potential affect absorption and loss of H2O?

A
48
Q

What is a flaccid cell?

A

A limp cell due to water loss.

49
Q

A flaccid cell with a 0 MPa and a Solute potential of 0.7 MPa. What would happen if we put the cell into an environment with a lower (more solute) water potential?

A

Water would leave the cell. It would become even more flaccid.

50
Q

What happens when plasmolysis occurs?

A

Cell volume shrinks and plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall. Causes wilting.

51
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

The process of protoplasts shrinking due to lack of water.

52
Q

How does water potential affect absorption and loss of H2O?

A
53
Q

There is a cell with WP of 0 MPa and SP of -0.7 MPa. What would happen if we put the cell into an environment with higher SP such as pure water?

A

Water will enter the cell and it will become regid.

54
Q

What does the protoplast do when water enter the cell?

A

It pushes against the cell wall and enlarges.

55
Q

What type of pressure is being exerted against the cell wall when water enters the cell wall?

A

Turgor pressure

56
Q

What is the significance of the cell wall when water is entering the cells?

A

The cells become rigid and stiff due to the pressure.

57
Q

Difference in water potential drives what?

A

The direction of water flow

58
Q

Is water polar or nonpolar

A

Polar

59
Q

Can water diffuse across a liquid bilayer?

A

Yes, however it takes a long time.

60
Q

What does rapid diffusion require?

A

Aquaporins

61
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Channel proteins that can open and close allowing more or less water into the cell.

62
Q

What regulates the opening and closing of aquaporins?

A

Hydrogen and Calcium

63
Q

If there is increased hydrogen in a cell what happens?

A

It decreases Ph and closes the aquaporins.

64
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Short distance cellular flow. Too slow ofr long distance transport.

65
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

What is used for long distance transport. Water and Sugars are transported through this.

66
Q

What drives bulk flow?

A

Movement of fluids in response to a pressure gradient from high to low pressure.

67
Q

Where does bulk flow occur?

A

Within tracheids and vessel elements of xylem and sieve tube elements of the phloem. These cells have little to no cytoplasm creating pipes with little flow resistance.

68
Q
A

Biology 223 (12 decks)

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